Table 1 Study characteristics

Chilcott et al. [23]

UK

Men aged 50–74

· single screen at 50

· screen every 4 years from 50 to 74 years

· screen every 2 years 50–74 years

· screen every year from 50 to 74

· screen at 50, 60, 65, 70

· screen every 4 years 50–70, 55–74, 55–70

· screen every 2 years 50–70, 55–74, 55–70

3.0 ng/ml

3.0 ng/ml

3.0 ng/ml

3.0 ng/ml

3.0 ng/ml

3.0 ng/ml

3.0 ng/ml

· prostatectomy with ADT

· radiotherapy with ADT

· prostatectomy without ADT

· radiotherapy without ADT

· watchful waiting

· active monitoring

Cost per QALY gained

Heijnsdijk et al. [25]

NR

Men aged 55–75

68 scenarios:

3.0 ng/ml

· radiotherapy

Cost per QALY gained

· starting at age 55; screen intervals at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 years

3.0 ng/ml

· prostatectomy

· once in a lifetime

3.0 ng/ml

· active surveillance

· age at stopping was varied 55–75 years

3.0 ng/ml

· metastases: palliative care

Hummel and Chilcott [24]

UK

Men aged 50–74

· single screen at 50:

3.0 ng/ml

· radiotherapy (with and without hormone therapy)

Cost per QALY gained

· screen every 4 years from 50 to 74 years

3.0 ng/ml

· prostatectomy (with and without hormone therapy)

· screen every 2 years 50–74 years

3.0 ng/ml

· watchful waiting

· screen every year from 50 to 74 years

3.0 ng/ml

· active monitoring

Keller et al. [29]

Australia

Men aged 50–69

· opportunistic screening (current practice)

· screen every 2 years from 50 to 69 years

3.0 ng/ml to 2.5 ng/ml^a

· prostatectomy

· radiotherapy

· active surveillance

Cost per QALY gained

3.0 ng/ml to 2.5 ng/ml^a

· watchful waiting

One strategy with immediate treatment and one delayed based on Gleason score

Cost per life year gained

Kobayashi et al. [27]

NR

Men aged 50–70

· annual screen irrespective of baseline

N/A

no details on exact nature of treatments

Cost per QALY gained

· baseline PSA ≤ 1.0 ng/ml biennial rescreening

1.0 ng/ml

· baseline PSA ≤ 2.0 ng/ml biennial rescreening

2.0 ng/ml

· baseline PSA ≤ 3.0 ng/ml biennial rescreening

3.0 ng/ml

· baseline PSA ≤ 4.0 ng/ml biennial rescreening

4.0 ng/ml

Martin et al. [30]

Australia

Men aged 50- (unclear)

· average risk: screen every 4 years

4.0 ng/ml

· radiotherapy (with and without hormone therapy)

Cost per QALY gained

· high risk: screen every 4 years

4.0 ng/ml

· prostatectomy (with and without hormone therapy)

· very high risk: screen every 4 years

4.0 ng/ml

· conservative management

Pataky et al. [26]

Canada

Men aged 40–74

14 scenarios:

· radiotherapy (with and without hormone therapy)

Cost per QALY gained and

· Screen at 50, 60, 70

3.0 ng/ml

· prostatectomy (with and without hormone therapy)

· Screen at 60 followed by screen at 65

3.0 ng/ml

· conservative management

Cost per life year gained

· screen every 4 years 55–69, 50–74

3.0 ng/ml

· screen every 4 years 50–74

3.0 ng/ml, (4.0 ng/ml for ≥70 years old)

· screen every 2 years 60–74, 50–69, 55–74, 50–74, 40–74

3.0 ng/ml

· screen every 2 years 50–74

3.0 ng/ml, (4.0 ng/ml for ≥70 years old)

· adaptive screen 50–74

3.0 ng/ml

Roth et al. [28]

US

Men aged 45–69

18 scenarios:

(1) all cases receive curative surgery, radiotherapy with or without adjuvant hormone therapy,

Cost per QALY gained and

· screen yearly 45–69, 50–74, 55–69

4.0 ng/ml

(2) Gleason < 7, <T2a receive conservative treatment or curative treatment, all others as above

· screen yearly 45–69, 50–74, 55–69

10.0 ng/ml

· screen yearly if >3.0 ng/ml, every 2 years otherwise,45–69

3.0 ng/ml

Cost per life year gained

· screen yearly if >3.0 ng/ml, every 2 years otherwise,45–69

10.0 ng/ml

· screen every 4 years 50–74

4.0 ng/ml

· screen every 4 years 50–74, 55–69

10.0 ng/ml

· screen every 2 years if >1.0 ng/ml, every 4 years otherwise, 50–74

4.0 ng/ml

· screen every 2 years if >1.0 ng/ml, every 4 years otherwise, 50–74

10.0 ng/ml

· screen yearly with age dependent threshold, 50–74

3.5(50–59), 4.5(60–69), 6.5(70–74)

· screen yearly with age dependent threshold 50–74

4.5(50–59), 5.5(60–69), 8.5(70–74)

· screen every 2 years 55–69

3.0 ng/ml

· screen every 4 years 55–69

3.0 ng/ml

· screen every 2 years 55–69

10.0 ng/ml

Wolstenholme et al. [31]

UK

Men aged 50–65

· single screen at 50, 55, 60 and 65

3.0 ng/ml

active surveillance, prostatectomy, radiotherapy, orchidectomy, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy

Cost per life year saved/gained

· screen every 5 years 50–65

3.0 ng/ml

Shteynshlyuger & Andriole, [22]

Europe

Men aged 60–70

· “PSA screening reported in ERSPC”:

· Not reported. Assumed follows ERSPC trial

Cost per life year saved

· screen every 4 years

3.0 ng/ml or 4.0 ng/ml (depending on the centre)

· no such screening

3.0 ng/ml or 4.0 ng/ml (depending on the centre)