Table 1 Cancer incidence and hazard ratios of farm, rural non-farm and urban men, 2006–2009
Cancer Type (ICD9)a | Cohort residence | Cases | Standardised | Adjusted | Hazard ratios (95% CI) for variables remaining in final model (excl. Age)/other notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. incident cases and total person-years | n = 123,882 | (95% Cl) | (95% Cl) | ||
All malignant neoplasms (excl. non-melanoma skin cancer ) | Farm n = 9281 | 496 | 91.7 (83.1–100.3) | 1.00 (ref) | • Ageb |
C00 - C98 (excl. C44) | Rural non-farm n = 57,330 | 3814 | 102.9 (99.6–106.1) | 1.09 (0.99–1.21) | • Smoking status |
n = 7957 person-years = 463,068 | Urban n = 57,271 | 3647 | 98.0 (94.8–101.2) | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) |  never HR = 1.00 ref. |
 past HR = 1.09 (1.04–1.15) | |||||
 current HR = 1.11 (0.99–1.23) | |||||
• Annual household income $70,000 and over c | |||||
 yes vs no HR = 0.92 (0.86–0.98) | |||||
Prostate | Farm | 252 | 98.5 (85.7–111.3) | 1.00 (ref) | • Age b |
(C61) | Rural non-farm | 1780 | 102.8 (98.0–107.6) | 1.06 (0.93–1.21) | • Family history prostate cancer |
n = 3647 Person-years = 470,298 | Urban | 1615 | 97.2 (92.4–102.0) | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) |  yes vs no HR = 1.83 (1.68–1.99) |
• Smoking status | |||||
 never HR = 1.00 ref. | |||||
 past HR = 0.96 (0.89–1.02) | |||||
 current HR = 0.80 (0.68–0.93) | |||||
Colorectal | Farm | 62 | 100.3 (72.2–128.5) | 1.00 (ref) | • Ageb |
(C18 - C21) | Rural non-farm | 512 | 106.0 (96.7–115.3) | 1.12 (0.86–1.46) | • Family history colorectal cancer |
n = 1040 Person-years = 475,307 | Urban | 466 | 95.0 (86.3–103.8) | 1.02 (0.78–1.33) |  yes vs no HR = 1.31 (1.12–1.54) |
• Smoking status | |||||
 never HR = 1.00 ref. | |||||
 past HR = 1.30 (1.14–1.48) | |||||
 current HR = 1.26 (0.96–1.66) | |||||
Lung | Farm | 19 | 71.4 (39.7–116.1) | 1.00 (ref) | • Ageb |
(C34) | Rural non-farm | 207 | 105.1 (90.6–119.5) | 1.19 (0.70–2.02) | • Family history lung cancer |
n = 426 Person-years = 476,776 | Urban | 200 | 95.6 (82.2–109.1) | 1.22 (0.71–2.09) |  yes vs no HR = 1.46 (1.06–2.01) |
• Smoking status | |||||
 never HR = 1.00 ref. | |||||
 past HR = 6.52 (4.31–9.87) | |||||
 current HR = 18.77 (11.72–30.05) | |||||
• Annual household income over $70,000 c | |||||
 Yes vs no HR = 0.48 (0.32–0.73) | |||||
Melanoma | Farm | 75 | 108.5 (81.3–135.6) | 1.00 (ref) | • Ageb |
(C43) | Rural non-farm | 491 | 101.6 (92.5–110.6) | 0.90 (0.71–1.15) | • Family history melanoma |
n = 1051 Person-years = 475,264 | Urban | 485 | 98.4 (89.5–107.2) | 0.87 (0.68–1.11) |  yes vs no HR = 2.06 (1.71–2.47) |
• Smoking status | |||||
 never HR = 1.00 ref.  past HR = 0.83 (0.73–0.94) | |||||
 current HR = 0.56 (0.40–0.79) | |||||
• Tannability (response of skin repeatedly exposed to sunlight in summer without protection) | |||||
 very tan HR = 1.00 ref | |||||
 moderate tan HR = 1.52 (1.29–1.80) | |||||
 mild tan HR = 2.16 (1.80–2.59) | |||||
 never tan/freckle HR = 2.39 (1.90–3.01) | |||||
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | Farm | 14 | 64.6 (34.8–109.2) | 1.00 (ref) | • Age b |
(C82 - C85) | Rural non-farm | 117 | 93.7 (76.6–110.8) | 0.88 (0.50–1.55) | • Annual household income $70,000/year and over and red meat consumption remained as non-significant confounders |
n = 269 Person-years = 476,768 | Urban | 138 | 106.5 (88.5–124.4) | 0.96 (0.56–1.73) |