Table 3 Summary of Contextual Factors and Implementation Strategies
Study | Participant characteristics | N clinics or sites | Study site characteristics | Implementation strategies | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Race/ Ethnicitya | Screen-ing status | Socio-economic indicators | Health systemsb | PBRN affiliated/ Other | EHR System | Baseline CRC screening | Rural or urban | Development | Training and/or monitoring | Delivered by | |
Clinic-based Studies | |||||||||||
Baker, 2014 [40] | Latinos | Prior FOBT | – | 4 | – | Yes, NOS | 17% in 2007; 43% in 2009 | Urban | To address known barriers | NR | Clinic |
Coronado, 2011 [43] | Latinos | – | – | 1 | – | Yes, NOS | NR | Urban | Collaboratively designed | Training | Clinic |
Coronado, 2014 [61] | – | Not up-to-date | Uninsured | 1 | – | Yes, NOS | 5.1% in 2012 | Urban | Clinic adapted workflows | Training, meetings | Both |
Davis, 2013 [44] | – | Not up-to-date | Low-income | 8 | – | No, paper charts | 1–2% at Baseline | Rural | Focus groups & interviews | Training | Both |
Friedman, 2001 [45] | African American | Not up-to-date | Low-income | – | 1 | Unclear | NR | Urban | NR | NR | External |
Goldberg, 2004 [46] | African American | – | Low-income | 1 | – | Yes, NOS | NR | Urban | NR | NR | Both |
Goldman, 2015 [47] | Latinos | Not up-to-date | – | 8 | – | Yes, GE Centricity | 17% in 2007; 43% in 2009 | Urban | Modeled after prior intervention | NR | Clinic |
Greiner, 2014 [48] | – | Not up-to-date | Low-income | – | 9 | Unclear | NR | Urban | Interviews, usability testing | NR | External |
Gupta, 2013 [49] | – | Not up-to-date | Uninsured | 13 | – | Unclear | NR | Urban | NR | NR | Unclear |
Hendren, 2014 [50] | Ethnic minority | – | Low-income | – | 1 | Yes, NOS | NR | Urban | NR | NR | Both |
Jandorf, 2005 [51] | – | Not up-to-date | Low-income | 1 | – | Unclear | NR | Urban | Focus groups | NR | External |
Jean-Jacques, 2012 [52] | Ethnic minority | Not up-to-date | Low-income; uninsured | 1 | – | Yes, NOS | 17% in 2008; 36% in 2009 | Urban | NR | Training, supervision | Both |
Lasser, 2011 [53] | Multi-cultural | Not up-to-date | Low-income | – | 6, PBRN | Yes, EPIC | NR | Urban | Prior research, piloting | Training, meetings | External |
– | Not up-to-date | – | – | 16, PBRN | Both paper and EHR, NOS | 54.3% at baseline | Rural | NR | NR | External | |
Potter, 2011 [56] | Multi-cultural | Not up-to-date | – | 6 | – | Both paper and EHR, NOS | NR | Urban | Piloted intervention | Training, observation visits | Clinic |
Potter, 2011 [66] | Chinese-American | Not up-to-date | Low-income | 1 | – | Yes, NOS | NR | Urban | Tailored with clinic leader input | Training, observation visits | Clinic |
Roetzheim, 2004 [57] | – | – | Uninsured | – | 8 | Unclear | NR | Rural | NR | Training, audits & feedback | Clinic |
Singal, 2016 [58] | Multi-cultural | Not up-to-date | Low-income | 12 | – | Unclear | NR | Urban | NR | Training | External |
Tu, 2006 [60] | Chinese | – | – | 1 | – | Unclear | NR | Urban | Interviews, focus groups | NR | Both |
Tu, 2014 [64] | Vietnamese & Chinese | – | – | 2 | – | Yes, ICHS EMR | NR | Urban | Adapted from prior intervention | Training | Both |
Community-based Studies | |||||||||||
Braun, 2005 [41] | Native Hawaii-ans | – | – | – | 16 civic clubs | No | NR | NR | Surveys, focus groups | NR | Both |
Campbell, 2004 [42] | African American | – | – | – | 12 churches | No | NR | Rural | Focus groups | Training | Com-munity |
Larkey, 2006 [63] | Latino | – | – | – | Churches & com-munity orgs (N = NR) | No | NR | Urban | Staff developed | NR | Com-munity |
Thompson, 2006 [59] | Latino | – | – | – | 20 agricultural communities | No | NR | Rural | Focus groups, community advisory board | Training | Com-munity |
Wu, 2010 [65] | Asian Americans | – | – | – | NR | No | NR | Urban | Expanded existing program | NR | Both |
Combined Clinic- and Community-based Studies | |||||||||||
Redwood, 2011 [67] | NR | – | Low-income; uninsured | – | 1 County | No | NR | Urban | Refined over time | NR | Com-munity |
Ethnically diverse | – | Low-income; uninsured | – | 1 County | No | NR | Urban | By state | NR | Both | |