Fig. 1

DE genes in TNBC versus non-TNBC tissues and TNBC versus normal tissues from TCGA. Principal component analysis (a) and heatmap clustering (b) performed with the DE genes revealed a clear separation between TNBC, non-TNBC and normal tissues. Correlations were obtained through Pearson coefficient analysis; unsupervised clustering was conducted via a complete method, and both axis and log₂(RSEM + 1) values were scaled by line. c 3D Volcano plot showing non-DE (gray circles) and DE (blue circles, downregulated; red circles, upregulated) genes. Genes showing FC ≥ +2 and FC ≤ −2 with FDR ≥ 0.05 were considered up- and downregulated, respectively. On axis Z, −log₁₀(FDR). d Venn diagram showing that 1512 genes were equally DE when TNBC versus non-TNBC and TNBC versus normal tissues were compared