Table 4 Univariate and Multiple Logistic Regression Evaluating Factors Associated with Enrollment
From: Most children with cancer are not enrolled on a clinical trial in Canada: a population-based study
Characteristics | Enrolled N = 2533 | Not Enrolled N = 6671 | Percent Enrolled | Univariate Regression Analysis | Multiple Regression Analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P Value* | OR (95% CI) | P Value* | ||||
Demographic Features | |||||||
Age at Diagnosis | <0.0001 | 0.450 | |||||
< 1 years | 216 (8.5%) | 775 (11.6%) | 21.8 | REF | REF | ||
1–4 years | 1078 (42.6%) | 2277 (34.1%) | 32.1 | 1.7 (1.4 to 2.0) | <0.0001 | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) | 0.213 |
5–9 years | 620 (24.5%) | 1704 (25.5%) | 26.7 | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6) | 0.003 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) | 0.711 |
10–14 years | 619 (24.4%) | 1915 (28.7%) | 24.4 | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.4) | 0.099 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) | 0.714 |
Sex | |||||||
Male | 1405 (55.5%) | 3556 (53.3%) | 28.3 | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.2) | 0.064 | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1) | 0.660 |
Female | 1128 (44.5%) | 3115 (46.7%) | 26.6 | REF | |||
Race | 0.0003 | 0.033 | |||||
White | 1793 (70.8%) | 4376 (65.6%) | 29.1 | REF | REF | ||
Asian | 218 (8.6%) | 691 (10.4%) | 24.0 | 0.8 (0.7 to 0.9) | 0.002 | 0.8 (0.6 to 0.9) | 0.006 |
Arab/West Asian | 37 (1.5%) | 142 (2.1%) | 20.7 | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.9) | 0.015 | 0.7 (0.4 to 0.96) | 0.032 |
Aboriginal | 53 (2.1%) | 161 (2.4%) | 24.8 | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.1) | 0.174 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) | 0.189 |
Black | 66 (2.6%) | 173 (2.6%) | 27.6 | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) | 0.628 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5) | 0.654 |
Latin American | 25 (1.0%) | 80 (1.2%) | 23.8 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.2) | 0.241 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.4) | 0.485 |
Other | 50 (2.0%) | 119 (1.8%) | 29.6 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.4) | 0.883 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6) | 0.697 |
Unknown | 291 (11.5%) | 929 (13.9%) | 23.9 | 0.8 (0.7 to 0.9) | 0.0002 | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.2) | 0.488 |
Diagnostic Era | |||||||
< 2007 | 1283 (50.7%) | 3325 (49.8%) | 27.8 | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1) | 0.488 | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1) | 0.966 |
≥ 2007 | 1250 (49.3%) | 3346 (50.2%) | 27.2 | REF | |||
Diagnosis | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||
Leukemia | |||||||
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | 1043 (41.2%) | 1095 (16.4%) | 48.8 | 17.0 (12.7 to 22.8) | <0.0001 | 17.7 (12.9 to 24.4) | <0.0001 |
Acute myeloid leukemia | 138 (5.4%) | 257 (3.9%) | 34.9 | 9.6 (6.8 to 13.6) | <0.0001 | 9.0 (6.2 to 13.3) | <0.0001 |
Other leukemia | 18 (0.7%) | 148 (2.2%) | 10.8 | 2.2 (1.2 to 3.8) | 0.007 | 2.2 (1.2 to 4.2) | 0.012 |
Lymphoma | |||||||
Hodgkin lymphoma | 130 (5.1%) | 270 (4.0%) | 32.5 | 8.6 (6.1 to 12.2) | <0.0001 | 10.2 (7.0 to 15.0) | <0.0001 |
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma excluding Burkett’s lymphoma | 90 (3.6%) | 250 (3.7%) | 26.5 | 6.4 (4.5 to 9.3) | <0.0001 | 7.4 (4.9 to 11.0) | <0.0001 |
Burkitt’s lymphoma | 37 (1.5%) | 125 (1.9%) | 22.8 | 5.3 (3.3 to 8.4) | <0.0001 | 6.0 (3.7 to 9.8) | <0.0001 |
Other lymphoma | 13 (0.5%) | 47 (0.7%) | 21.7 | 4.9 (2.5 to 9.7) | <0.0001 | 6.7 (3.3 to 13.6) | <0.0001 |
Solid Tumors | |||||||
Ewing sarcoma | 63 (2.5%) | 101 (1.5%) | 38.4 | 11.2 (7.3 to 17.0) | <0.0001 | 13.6 (8.6 to 21.3) | <0.0001 |
Hepatoblastoma | 22 (0.9%) | 117 (1.8%) | 15.8 | 3.4 (2.0 to 5.7) | <0.0001 | 3.9 (2.2 to 6.8) | <0.0001 |
Neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma | 237 (9.4%) | 497 (7.5%) | 32.3 | 8.5 (6.2 to 11.7) | <0.0001 | 9.3 (6.5 to 13.2) | <0.0001 |
Osteosarcoma | 78 (3.1%) | 129 (1.9%) | 37.7 | 10.8 (7.3 to 16.1) | <0.0001 | 12.7 (8.2 to 19.8) | <0.0001 |
Rhabdomyosarcoma | 121 (4.8%) | 152 (2.3%) | 44.3 | 14.2 (9.9 to 20.6) | <0.0001 | 16.3 (11.0 to 24.4) | <0.0001 |
Wilms tumor | 160 (6.3%) | 264 (4.0%) | 37.7 | 10.8 (7.7 to 15.3) | <0.0001 | 11.8 (8.2 to 17.2) | <0.0001 |
Other solid tumor | 146 (5.8%) | 1100 (16.5%) | 11.7 | 2.4 (1.7 to 3.3) | <0.0001 | 2.6 (1.8 to 3.7) | <0.0001 |
CNS Tumors | |||||||
Astrocytoma | 52 (2.1%) | 930 (13.9%) | 5.3 | REF | |||
Ependymoma | 38 (1.5%) | 159 (2.4%) | 19.3 | 4.3 (2.7 to 6.7) | <0.0001 | 4.5 (2.7 to 7.3) | <0.0001 |
Medulloblastoma | 36 (1.4%) | 136 (2.0%) | 20.9 | 4.7 (3.0 to 7.5) | <0.0001 | 4.6 (2.8 to 7.6) | <0.0001 |
Other brain tumor | 111 (4.4%) | 845 (12.7%) | 11.6 | 2.3 (1.7 to 3.3) | <0.0001 | 2.6 (1.8 to 3.7) | <0.0001 |
Socioeconomic Factors | |||||||
Median Km to Nearest Tertiary Care Center (Interquartile Range) | 28.0 (12.4 to 99.4) | 30.9 (12.0 to 118.2) | Per 100 km 0.96 (0.94 to 0.98) | <0.0001 | Per 100 km 0.96 (0.94 to 0.98) | 0.0005 | |
Income quintile | 0.523 | 0.908 | |||||
1 (lowest) | 452 (17.8%) | 1280 (19.2%) | 26.1 | REF | REF | ||
2 | 489 (19.3%) | 1270 (19.0%) | 27.8 | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) | 0.257 | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) | 0.445 |
3 | 508 (20.1%) | 1306 (19.6%) | 28.0 | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.3) | 0.201 | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.2) | 0.718 |
4 | 522 (20.6%) | 1321 (19.8%) | 28.3 | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.3) | 0.135 | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.2) | 0.861 |
5 (highest) | 539 (21.3%) | 1354 (20.3%) | 28.5 | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.3) | 0.109 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | 0.900 |