From: Infections and cancer: the “fifty shades of immunity” hypothesis
Oncogenic agents | Associated cancer | Contribution | Transmission | Prevention or elimination methods | Carcinogens classification | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macro-Parasites | ||||||
Schistosoma haematobium | Bladder cancer | 30% | Water | Anti-helminthics | ||
Indirect | ||||||
Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis | Cholangioma liver cancer | 15% | Food | Anti-helminthics | ||
Bacteria | ||||||
Helicobacter pylori | Stomach cancer | 80% | Water, sanitation, food, saliva | Antibiotics, sanitation | Indirect | |
Viruses | ||||||
Epstein Barr Virus | Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasoparyngeal cancer | 10–30% | Saliva | Antivirals for some illnesses | ||
Hepatitis B and C | Liver cancer | 80% | needles, sex | Vaccination (HBV), antivirals, blood screening | ||
Human T lymphotropic virus | Adult T cell leukaemia | Almost 100% | Sex, needle, milk | No treatment | Direct and indirect | |
Human Papillomavirus | Cervical cancer | 100% | Sex, saliva | Vaccination, pap smear | ||
Human Herpesvirus 8 | Kaposi sarcoma | Almost 100% | Sex, saliva | No treatment | ||
Merkel cell polyomavirus | Merkel cell cancer | Almost 100% | Saliva | No treatment |