Fig. 3

Interactions between infectious agents and oncogenic agents. a Reciprocal benefits between Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) and Plasmodium falciparum. While EBV suppresses B cells involved in the control of P. falciparum, the latter one induces EBV reactivation and decreases EBV-specific T-cells. b Helper function of Chlamydia trachomatis toward human papillomavirus. C. trachomatis products decrease antigenic presentation by dendritic cells allowing the oncogenic agent to persist. c Interactions between Schistosoma haematobium and bacteria. S. haematobium induces the impairment of NKT cells promoting bacterial infections of the urinary tract. d Co-infection with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Schistosoma mansoni. In the presence of HCV, S. mansoni has been shown to alter the CD4⁺ T cell proliferative response toward a Th2 profile, preventing the elimination of the virus by specific Th1 response