Table 1 Study participants’ characteristics

Age, mean (SD¹)

63.3 (8.1)

58.9 (9.8)

<0.001

Body Mass Index, mean (SD)

28.2 (5.0)

29.2 (6.0)

<0.001

Race/Ethnicity

0.25

 African Americans/African Descents

391 (55.9)

497 (51.9)

 European Americans

242 (34.6)

378 (39.5)

 Hispanic Americans

50 (7.2)

61 (6.4)

 Others

16 (2.3)

22 (2.3)

Dietary Calcium Intake (mg/day), median (IQR²)

506.7 (281.0–826.4)

502.0 (286.5–800.6)

0.79

Supplemental Calcium Intake (mg/day), median (IQR)

0.0 (0.0–162.0)

22.7 (0.0–162.0)

0.23

Total Calcium Intake (mg/day), median (IQR)

645.2 (370.0–1049.5)

600.1 (367.1–1019.0)

0.59

Dietary Vitamin D Intake (IU/day)³, median (IQR)

75.6 (32.1–152.7)

68.7 (28.5–147.9)

0.17

Supplemental Vitamin D Intake (IU/day), median (IQR)

0.0 (0.0–400.0)

26.8 (0.0–400.0)

0.02

Total Vitamin D Intake (IU/day), median (IQR)

237.2 (57.2–504.5)

245.8 (66.8–515.9)

0.25

Dietary Supplement Use, n (%)

94 (16.8)

185 (21.7)

0.02

Education, n (%)

<0.001

  < High School or High School

326 (51.3)

378 (41.0)

 Some College, 4 Years of College

188 (29.6)

316 (34.3)

 Master, PhD, and Professional Degree

122 (19.2)

227 (24.6)

Income, n (%)

<0.001

  < $30,000

286 (42.2)

296 (31.8)

 $30,000–60,000

159 (23.5)

239 (25.7)

  ≥ $60,000

232 (34.3)

395 (42.5)

Married or Living Like Married, n (%)

390 (56.0)

550 (57.8)

0.45

Smoking, n (%)

0.08

 Current Smoker

122 (17.6)

158 (16.7)

 Yes, but Quit

267 (38.6)

321 (34.0)

Alcohol Use, n (%)

0.02

 Yes, but Quit

149 (21.3)

201 (21.2)

 Currently Drink

447 (64.0)

560 (58.9)

Family History, n (%)

163 (23.3)

199 (12.5)

<0.001

PSA, median (IQR)

6.5 (7.7)

1.2 (1.7)

<0.001

 Greater than High Risk PCa⁴, n (%)

157 (23.5)

 Gleason Score 4 + 3 or Greater, n (%)

155 (24.3)

 Gleason Score 4 + 4 or Greater, n (%)

91 (14.3)