Swallowing interventions for the treatment of dysphagia after head and neck cancer: a systematic review of behavioural strategies used to promote patient adherence to swallowing exercises

Table 3 Behaviour Change Techniques (BCTs) identified across included studies

Actual check ticks (✔) = BCT present	Mortensen	V.D. Berg	Ohba	Lazarus	Virani	Kotz	Carnaby	Zhen	Ahlberg	Tang	V.D. Molen	Logemann	Carroll	Kulbersh	Denk	% studies
Goals and Planning
Goal setting (behaviour)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	93
Problem solving	✓															7
Action planning	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		87
Review behaviour goals							✓		✓							13
Review outcome goals															✓	7
Feedback and Monitoring
Monitoring of behaviour by others without feedback		✓		✓										✓		20
Feedback on behaviour						✓									✓	13
Self monitoring of behaviour	✓			✓		✓	✓			✓		✓				40
Monitoring outcome of behaviour without feedback									✓							7
biofeedback															✓	7
Social Support
Social support (unspecified)		✓		✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓						47
Social support (practical)	✓						✓			✓		✓			✓	33
Shaping Knowledge
Instruction on how to perform the behaviour	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	100
Comparison of behaviour
Demonstration of the behaviour							✓									7
Associations
Prompts and cues						✓										7
Repetition and Substitution
Behavioural practice/rehearsal		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		80
Habit formation											✓		✓			13
Generalization of target behaviour	✓	✓			✓	✓				✓	✓	✓	✓			53
Comparison of outcomes
Credible source	✓	✓				✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓		✓		60
Antecedents
Adding objects to the environment				✓			✓		✓	✓	✓		✓			40
Total Number of BCTs	8	8	4	8	6	10	10	4	8	10	7	8	7	6	6

ISSN: 1471-2407