Table 1 Summary of in vitro cancer stem cell models based on cancer cell reprogramming

Gastro intestinal cancer

Pancreatic cancer

Human

Primary solid tumour from patients

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc

Nanog, Oct4, Rex1, Ssea-4, sphere formation and differentiation into three germ layers

Yes

-

PanIN precursors to PDAC, evolution to the invasive stage

[69]

Liver cancer

Human

Cancer cell line PLC/PRF/5

mir-302

Nanog Oct4 Sox2, Rex1, alkaline phosphatase activity, sphere formation and differentiation into three germ layers

-

-

-

[99]

Human

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc

Nanog, Oct4, Klf4, Rex1, Ssea-4, Tra-1-60, sphere formation and differentiation into three germ layers

-

-

-

[56]

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc

c-Myc, Sox2, Oct4, Klf4, Nanog, Rex1, Tra-1-60, Tra-1-81, Tra-2-49, Ssea-4, multi-differentiation potential into three germ layers

-

-

-

[60]

Cholangio

carcinoma

Human

Cancer cell line HuCC-T1

-

Enhanced tumorigenicity

Colorectal cancer

Human

Cancer cell line DLD-1

-

-

-

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc

Nanog, Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, Rex1, Ssea-4, Tra-1-60, Tra-1-81, Tra-2-49, sphere formation and differentiation into three germ layers

-

-

-

[57]

Human

Cancer cell lines SW480 and SW620

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc

Sox2, Oct4, Lin28, sphere formation

-

-

Enhanced tumorigenicity

[59]

Human

Cancer cell line SW480

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4

Sphere formation

-

-

Enhanced tumorigenicity

[98]

Human

Cancer cell line KBM7

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc

Oct4, Sox2, Rex1, FGF4, TDGF1, Nanog, GDF3, Lin28, Zic3, CD9, Tra-1-81, alkaline phosphatase activity, sphere formation

Yes

-

-

[66]

Human

CD34⁺ cells from patients with CML

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, Nanog, Lin28, Rex1, Ssea-4, Tra-1-60

Yes

-

-

[67]

Human

Bone marrow mononuclear cells from patient with CML

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, Nanog, Lin28,

Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Lin28, GDF3, Rex1, GDF3, Ssea-3, Ssea-4, TrA-1-60, Tra-1-81, alkaline phosphatase activity

Yes

-

-

[68]

Human

Cancer cell lines H358 and H460

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc

Nanog, Sox2, FGF4, Oct4, Tra-1-60, alkaline phosphatase activity, telomerase activity, sphere formation and differentiation into three germ layers

-

-

-

[54]

Cancer cell line A549

Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Lin28, HIF

Alkaline phosphatase activity (partial reprogramming)

-

-

Highly aggressive malignant solid tumors, high mitotic index, local invansiveness

[55]

Oct4, Nanog

Oct4, Nanog, sphere formation

-

-

Enhanced tumorigenicity and metastasis

[32]

Murine

Lewis lung mouse carcinoma cell line LLC

Conditioned medium for carcinoma cells (role of microenvironment)

Oct3, Oct4, Nanog, Rex1, Ras, Esg1, Cripto

Yes

-

Spheroid and tumor formation in mice, high mitotic index, angiogenesis in vivo

[83]

Sarco

mas

Osteosarcoma

Human

Cancer cell lines SAOS2, HOS, MG63

Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, Lin28, Klf4 and c-Myc

Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, Lin28, Klf4, c-Myc, Tra-1-81, Ssea-4, Rex, alkaline phosphatase activity

-

-

-

[61]

Liposarcoma

Human

Cancer cell line SW872

Ewing’s sarcoma

Human

Cancer cell line SKNEP

Human

Cancer cell line CHLA-10

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, Nanog

Tra1-160, Ssea-3, Ssea-4, alkaline phosphatase activity

Yes

-

Various levels of undifferentiated cells, embryoid body and tumor formation in mice

[110]

Human

Cancer cell line MCF-7

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc

Sox2, Ssea-1, Ssea-4, Tra-1–60, Tra-1–81, alkaline phosphatase activity, sphere formation

-

Enhanced tumorigenicity, highly aggressive tumors

[63]

Sox2

Ssea-4

-

-

Enhanced tumorigenicity

[64]

Murine

Mammary carcinoma cell line MCE12

-

-

-

-

-

[83]

Human

Prostate cancer-associated stromal cells from primary tumours

Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, Lin28

Oct4, Nanog, Lin28, Sox2, alkaline phosphatase activity

-

-

-

[65]

Human

Cancer cell line PC3

mir-302

Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, Ssea-3, Ssea-4, sphere formation and differentiation into neuronal cells

Yes

-

-

[53]

Murine

Cancer cell line Colo

mir-302

Sphere formation and differentiation into neuronal cells

-

-

[53]

Cancer cell line R545

Oct4, Klf4, c-Myc

-

Yes

Yes

-

[52]

Melanoma cell line B16

-

-

-

-

-

[83]