Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors associated with EM (n = 525)

Age > 70 years

2.13 (1.23–3.70)

0.007

Female

0.70 (0.42–1.17)

0.183

Body mass index < 20 kg/m²

2.72 (1.43–5.15)

0.002

2.26 (1.12–4.56)

0.022

ECOG PS ≥ 2

1.82 (1.08–3.06)

0.024

ACCI ≥ 4

2.56 (1.55–4.24)

< 0.001

2.23 (1.14–4.36)

0.019

LDH > 1 x ULN

1.98 (1.14–3.46)

0.015

ALC ≤ 1.1 × 10⁹/L

2.26 (1.28–4.00)

0.005

Hemoglobin < 10 g/dL

1.36 (0.81–2.27)

0.233

Platelet < 100 × 10⁹/L

2.66 (1.59–4.42)

< 0.001

2.21 (1.27–3.84)

0.005

Serum creatinine ≥ 2 mg/dL

3.52 (2.07–6.01)

< 0.001

2.37 (1.18–4.76)

0.015

Serum albumin < 3.5 g/dL

1.82 (1.10–3.01)

0.020

Serum β2-microglobulin > 5500 mg/L

2.83 (1.71–4.68)

< 0.001