Fig. 1
From: Insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling in renal cell carcinoma
Schematic representation of downstream signaling of IGF1R. AKT, protein kinase B; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; BAD, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 antagonist of cell death; ERK 1/2, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2, IGF1R, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; IR, insulin receptor; IRS1-4, insulin-like receptor substrate 1–4; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K/AKT, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT; PDK1, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; GLUT4, Glucose transporter type 4; HIF-1α, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor