Table 1 Mediators and mechanisms of skeletal muscle loss in cancer cachexia: correlation of findings in animal models and humans
Animal models | Humans | |
|---|---|---|
TNF-α | ++ | +/− |
Yoshida hepatoma/sarcoma, LLC, Leydig cell tumor, Morris hepatoma | Various types of solid tumors | |
TRAF-6 | + | + |
LLC | Gastric cancer | |
IL-6 | ++ | +/− |
C26, Morris hepatoma, ApcMin/+ | Various types of solid tumors | |
IL-1 | + | +/− |
Methylcholanthrene-induced Sarcoma, Prostate ADK | Various types of solid tumors | |
INF-γ | + | +/− |
MAC16 | Various types of solid tumors | |
Myostatin/ TGF-ß | ++ | + |
C26, MAC16 | Gastric cancer | |
PIF | + | +/− |
MAC16 | GIT cancers | |
Angiotensin II | + | + |
C26 | NSCLC, congestive heart failure | |
Ubiquitin-Proteasome system | ++ | + |
C26, Yoshida hepatoma, LLC | GIT cancers | |
Autophagy-lysosomal system | + | + |
C26, Yoshida hepatoma, LLC | Lung cancer | |
IGF-1/Pi3K/Akt/mTOR | +/− | +/− |
C26, ApcMin/+ | Various types of solid tumors | |
MRFs (Myo D, Pax7) | + | + |
C26 | Pancreatic cancer |