Table 1 Baseline characteristics between never-users and ever-users of human insulin

n = 482033

422235

59798

Age (years)^a

62.54 ± 12.22

63.70 ± 12.65

<0.0001

Diabetes duration (years)^a

5.12 ± 2.52

7.12 ± 1.65

<0.0001

Obesity

6082

1.44

974

1.63

0.0003

Nephropathy

39290

9.31

19533

32.66

<0.0001

Hypertension

228224

54.05

46172

77.21

<0.0001

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

51257

12.14

16773

28.05

<0.0001

Cerebrovascular disease

51910

12.29

19239

32.17

<0.0001

Ischemic heart disease

86668

20.53

25673

42.93

<0.0001

Peripheral arterial disease

41898

9.92

17216

28.79

<0.0001

Eye disease

48952

11.59

17588

29.41

<0.0001

Dyslipidemia

182015

43.11

33585

56.16

<0.0001

Congestive heart failure

24242

5.74

11009

18.41

<0.0001

Other cancer prior to baseline

39359

9.32

7672

12.83

<0.0001

Pioglitazone

9581

2.27

3503

5.86

<0.0001

Rosiglitazone

38135

9.03

16488

27.57

<0.0001

Sulfonylurea

304121

72.03

54487

91.12

<0.0001

Meglitinide

27501

6.51

11588

19.38

<0.0001

Metformin

259203

61.39

53420

89.33

<0.0001

Acarbose

33979

8.05

14763

24.69

<0.0001

Statin

97657

23.13

23400

39.13

<0.0001

Fibrate

77010

18.24

19220

32.14

<0.0001

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker

169738

40.20

41504

69.41

<0.0001

Calcium channel blocker

133391

31.59

34541

57.76

<0.0001

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

286403

67.83

56369

94.27

<0.0001

Estrogen

37775

8.95

8583

14.35

<0.0001