Table 1 Examples of U251 human tumor cell genes that constitute beneficial responses (A) or undesirable responses (B) to metronomic CPA treatment

LUM

8.7

1.3E-06

14.1

1.7E-14

Inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion

[112]

SSTR2

5.5

7.5E-23

5.9

0

Inhibits glioma proliferation

[113]

IFNB1

5.5

9.3E-37

5.9

2.5E-43

Pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic factor; inhibits accumulation of pro-angiogenic tumor-associated neutrophils

[114,115]

ZBP1

4.8

0

5.6

0

DNA sensor; activates IRFs, NFkB, and innate immunity; interferon-inducible

[116-118]

XAF1

2.8

2.2E-35

5.5

0

Interferon-inducible, pro-apoptotic

[119]

IFIT3

4.0

1.7E-37

5.3

7.8E-42

Interferon-inducible, pro-apoptotic

[120]

DMBT1

3.3

7.0E-15

5.0

0

Tumor suppressor down-regulated in glioblastoma

[121]

DDX58

2.8

6.5E-43

4.5

0

Induces interferon-I, activates apoptosis

[122]

TNFSF4/OX40L

2.3

2.5E-08

3.5

2.8E-31

Increases adhesion of activated T cells at tumor site

[123]

CXCL2/MIP2

−4.6

3.8E-14

−3.1

1.3E-09

Up-regulated in temozolomide-resistant glioma

[124]

CXCR4

−3.6

7.4E-38

−5.0

2.0E-26

Promotes angiogenesis in glioma

[125,126]

LGR5

−4.7

3.8E-43

−5.3

1.2E-39

Marker for poor prognosis in glioblastoma

[127]

IL8/CXCL8

−7.6

1.5E-11

−5.5

1.1E-24

Proinflammatory cytokine; increases tumor angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis; interferon-inducible

[128]

Gene

Pro-tumor or Anti-tumor Activities

References

Fold change

p-value

Fold change

p-value

MMP13

10.1

1.1E-11

15.4

0

Promotes tumor cell proliferation and invasion

[129]

CEACAM1

5.9

4.7E-29

13.2

7.7E-29

Immune-inhibitory adhesion molecule; interferon-inducible

[94]

LAMP3/CD208

6.4

1.5E-30

9.6

0

Promotes metastases

[130]

EREG

6.5

2.3E-25

8.5

0

Binds EGFR and induces glioma cell growth

[95]

IDO1

4.8

0

6.5

0

Immunosuppressive in human glioblastoma; interferon-inducible

[96]

ACP5

4.5

2.3E-33

5.0

7.2E-39

Pro-metastatic factor

[131]