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Table 1 Benign and malignant ultrasonic features used in simple ultrasound-based rules as proposed by Timmerman et al. [9]

From: Investigating the performance and cost-effectiveness of the simple ultrasound-based rules compared to the risk of malignancy index in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer (SUBSONiC-study): protocol of a prospective multicenter cohort study in the Netherlands

10 Simple ultrasound-based rules

B-features (for predicting a benign tumor)

B1

Unilocular

B2

Presence of solid components, of which largest solid component has largest diameter <7 mm

B3

Presence of acoustic shadows

B4

Smooth multilocular tumor with largest diameter <100 mm

B5

No blood flow (color score 1)

M-features (for predicting a malignant tumor)

M1

Irregular solid tumor

M2

Presence of ascites

M3

At least four papillary structures

M4

Irregular multilocular solid tumor with largest diameter ≥100 mm

M5

Very strong blood flow (color score 4)

  1. Rule 1: If ≥ 1 M-features are present in absence of B-feature(s), the mass is classified as malignant
  2. Rule 2: If ≥ 1 B-features are present in absence of M-feature(s), the mass is classified as benign
  3. Rule 3: If both M-features and B-features are present, or if no B- or M-features are present, the result is inconclusive and a second stage test is recommended