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Table 2 Associated factors with CNS metastasis development

From: Brain metastasis development and poor survival associated with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective analysis

N = 293

CNS Metastasis 12 months

% (95% IC)

CNS Metastasis 24 months

% (95% IC)

pUnivariate Analysis

RR (95% CI)

pMultivariate Analysis

Age

     

   <60 years

20 (14.2–25.8)

36 (20.2–51.6)

0.79

  

   ≥60 years

22 (16.1–27.8)

22 (16.1–27.8)

   

Gender

     

   Female

21 (13.6–27.3)

31 (12.9–48.1)

0.86

  

   Male

22 (16.1–27.9)

33 (18.8–46.2)

   

Smoking History

     

   Negative

24 (18.2–29.9)

36 (18.6–53.9)

0.22

  

   Positive

19 (13.1–24.8)

26 (12.3–39.7)

   

Histology

     

   Adenocarcinoma

28 (22.1–33.8)

31 (23.1–38.8)

0.0002

5.2 (1.002–29)

0.05

   *Others

7.8 (3.9–11.7)

29 (3.5–54.4)

   

CEA ≥ 40 ng/mL

     

   Negative

12 (8–15.9)

24 (11.8–35.3)

<0.001

11.4 (1.7–74)

0.01

   Positive

61 (45.4–76.8)

61 (45.4–76.8)

   

EGFR***

     

   Positive

57 (56.6–57.3)

57 (56.6–57.3)

0.2

  

   Negative

45 (44.6–45.3)

45 (44.6–45.3)

   
  1. The endpoint for univariate analysis was CNS metastasis at 24 months.
  2. CNS: Central Nervous System.
  3. RR (95% CI): Relative Risk (95% Confidence Interval).
  4. *Others: Squamous, Giant Cells, Undifferentiated.
  5. CEA: Carcinoembryonic Antigen.
  6. ***: Tissue expression was determined only in 85 different
  7. primary tumor samples (see text).