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Table 1 Non-dietary and dietary characteristics of study participants, N = 2,388

From: A case-control study of glycemic index, glycemic load and dietary fiber intake and risk of adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus: the Australian Cancer Study

Characteristics

Controls

EAC

P valuea

EGJAC

P valuea

ESCC

P valuea

N= 1507

N= 299

N= 337

N= 245

Non-dietary factors

       

Age (y, mean, SD)

61 (12)

64 (10)

<0.0001

63 (10)

<0.0001

65 (9)

<0.0001

Sex (%)

       

 Female

34

9

<0.0001

14

<0.0001

40

0.06

 Male

66

91

 

86

 

60

 

Educational level (%)

       

 Highschool or less

40.9

46.5

0.0002

37.7

0.01

57.1

<0.0001

 Trade/diploma

43.6

47.2

 

51.6

 

34.3

 

 University degree

15.5

6.3

 

10.7

 

8.6

 

Body mass index (kg/m2, %)

     

s

 

 < 25

36.2

20.5

<0.0001

27.4

< 0.0001

55.5

<0.0001

 25 - <30

43.3

42.7

 

39.2

 

30.4

 

 ≥ 30

20.5

36.8

 

33.4

 

14.1

 

Physical activity index (%)

       

 Low

19.3

23.8

0.33

21.7

0.76

29.5

0.0003

 Moderate

41.0

36.6

 

37.7

 

30.7

 

 High

39.7

39.6

 

40.6

 

39.8

 

Cumulative smoking history (pack-years, %)

       

 Never smoked

44.7

25.1

<0.0001

24.3

< 0.0001

23.1

<0.0001

 < 15

25.2

20.1

 

19.9

 

19.7

 

 15-29.9

13.3

19.1

 

22.3

 

20.2

 

 ≥ 30

16.8

35.7

 

33.5

 

37.0

 

Lifetime alcohol consumption (10 g alcohol units/wk) (%)

       

 Abstainer

10.7

6.4

<0.0001

9.2

0.0004

12.7

<0.0001

 > 0-6 drinks/wk

38.1

27.8

 

29.7

 

26.6

 

 7-20 drinks/wk

31.9

36.6

 

33.5

 

20.9

 

 ≥ 21 drinks/wk

19.3

29.2

 

27.6

 

39.8

 

Reflux symptoms 10 years ago (%)

       

 Never

43.1

21.5

<0.0001

29.7

<0.0001

46.0

<0.0001

 Occasionally

30.5

13.5

 

16.1

 

13.0

 

 < Weekly

14.5

22.6

 

22.6

 

13.0

 

 ≥ Weekly

11.9

42.4

 

31.6

 

28.0

 

NSAID use (%)

       

 Never user

43.7

46.3

0.24

47.6

0.62

51.4

0.07

 Occasionally

31.4

26.0

 

28.7

 

27.4

 

 < Weekly

9.0

8.8

 

9.0

 

7.5

 

 ≥ Weekly

15.9

18.9

 

14.7

 

13.7

 

Presence of Diabetes (%)

       

 No

93.0

87.6

0.002

88.2

0.02

95.8

0.09

 Yes

7.0

12.4

 

11.2

 

4.2

 

Dietary factors

(Mean, SD)b

       

Glycemic Indexc

51 (5)

52 (5)

0.38

52 (5)

0.16

52 (6)

0.17

Glycemic loadc

120 (23)

119 (22)

0.41

118 (22)

0.18

115 (25)

0.002

Total carbohydrates (g)c

234 (34)

231 (34)

0.14

229 (31)

0.01

221 (37)

<0.0001

Total sugars (g)c

128 (35)

127 (33)

0.49

124 (33)

0.05

117 (38)

<0.0001

Starch (g)c

101 (24)

98 (25)

0.04

99 (24)

0.28

94 (27)

0.001

Dietary Fiber (g)c

31 (9)

28 (8)

<0.0001

27 (8)

< 0.0001

28 (9)

<0.0001

Protein (g)

93 (15)

91 (14)

0.25

92 (15)

0.29

89 (17)

0.003

Fat (g)

71 (12)

73 (12)

0.04

74 (11)

0.001

73 (13)

0.03

 Saturated fat (g)

27 (7)

29 (7)

<0.0001

30 (7)

<0.0001

29 (7)

0.0005

 MUFA (g)

25 (6)

25 (5)

0.65

26 (5)

0.02

25 (6)

0.67

 PUFA (g)

11 (3)

10 (3)

0.002

11 (3)

0.48

11 (3)

0.80

Alcohol consumption (g)d

13 (16)

14 (16)

0.20

13 (17)

0.78

21 (24)

<0.0001

Total Energy (kcal)

2215 (644)

2395 (729)

<0.0001

2396 (700)

<0.0001

2270 (795)

<0.0001

% energy from CHO

45 (7)

45 (7)

0.23

45 (6)

0.03

43 (7)

<0.0001

% energy from protein

18 (3)

18 (7)

0.06

18 (3)

0.08

17 (3)

0.003

% energy from fat

30 (5)

31 (5)

0.02

31 (5)

<0.0001

31 (5)

0.03

  1. ap-level chi-square test for categorical variables or chi-square test for trend, and t-test for continuous variables.
  2. bdietary variables adjusted for energy intake (nutrient residual method), except for GI.
  3. cMedian values for dietary exposure variables by sex (male/female controls): GI 52/50, GL 121/116, total carbohydrates 234/236 g/d, total sugars 123/132 g/d, starch 100/100 g/d, dietary fiber 29/32 g/d.
  4. dcurrent alcohol consumption (FFQ).
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