Predicting invasive breast cancer versus DCIS in different age groups

BMC Cancer

Table 3 Multivariable model for older group using stepwise regression with AIC criterion*

Risk factor		Beta	Odds ratio	95% CI (Lower -Upper)			p value
	(Intercept)	−1.16	0.31	0.18	-	0.55		0.000	***
Palpable lump							0.013		**
	No corresponding palpable mass	0.00	1(referent)
	Missing	−0.30	0.74	0.05	-	10.55		0.824
	Corresponding palpable mass	0.80	2.22	1.12	-	4.41		0.022	**
Family history							0.043		**
	None	0.00	1(referent)
	Missing	−0.89	0.41	0.13	-	1.32		0.135
	Strong	−0.32	0.73	0.33	-	1.59		0.422
	Very strong	1.66	5.24	0.84	-	32.78		0.076	*
Prior surgery							0.132
	Not present	0.00	1(referent)
	Missing	−0.36	0.70	0.07	-	6.82		0.759
	Present	0.57	1.78	0.99	-	3.17		0.053	*
Principal mammography finding							<0.001		***
	Calcifications or Single dilated duct	0.00	1(referent)
	Architectural distortion	20.56	Inf	0.00	-	Inf		0.993
	Associated calcifications	2.16	8.67	3.39	-	22.14		0.000	***
	Missing	2.10	8.14	3.88	-	17.09		0.000	***
	Asymmetry or Focal asymmetry	2.94	18.87	3.79	-	93.87		0.000	***
	Mass	3.04	20.93	9.20	-	47.65		0.000	***
	Developing asymmetry	2.80	16.45	1.78	-	151.95		0.014	**
Calcification distribution							0.008		**
	Not present	0.00	1(referent)
	Linear or Segmental	−3.11	0.04	0.00	-	0.49		0.011	**
	Clustered	−0.69	0.50	0.22	-	1.18		0.113
	Regional or Scattered	−1.94	0.14	0.01	-	2.83		0.202
Mass margins							<0.001		***
	None	0.00	1(referent)
	Circumscribed	−2.51	0.08	0.01	-	0.45		0.004	***
	Ill-Defined	0.19	1.21	0.46	-	3.20		0.703
	Obscured	0.10	1.10	0.11	-	11.31		0.935
	Spiculated	28.70	Inf	0.00	-	Inf		0.983
Mass shape							0.033		**
	None	0.00	1(referent)
	Irregular	1.91	6.78	0.78	-	58.79		0.083	*
	Lobular or Oval	−0.13	0.87	0.24	-	3.16		0.838
	Round	−15.53	0.00	0.00	-	Inf		0.987
Focal asymmetric density							0.077		*
	Not present	0.00	1(referent)
	Present	1.63	5.10	0.54	-	47.77		0.154

The model is presented in the order of inclusion into the model.
*Asterisks denote the level of significance such that: ***p-value < 0.001; **p-value < 0.05, and *p-value <0.1.
“Inf” (short for infinity) is inserted at places where the data for the corresponding variable is sparsely populated and produces a very high and unstable odds ratio.

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