Figure 1

Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). A: GSEA was used to examine the enrichment of identified TGF-β-regulated genes in CAFs. ‘TGF-β-regulated genes’ include 196 genes induced by TGF-β in both IMR-90 and HFL-1 lung fibroblast cell lines. CAF and NF gene expression profiles reported by Navab et al.[21] were used. Enrichment of TGF-β-regulated genes is shown schematically with those that best correlated with the CAF phenotype on the left (‘CAF-high’) and the genes that best correlated with the NF phenotype on the right (‘NF-high’). B: A heat map representing the relative expression change of ‘ 88 leading edge genes’ which were obtained by GSEA analysis in CAFs and NFs. C: A heat map representing the relative expression change of selected ‘16 ECM related genes’.