Table 1 Main characteristics of the studies on tea consumption and five selected cancer included in the meta-analysis
Reference | Country | Study design | Sampling | Tea type | Number of participants | Number of cases | Age | Follow-up(year) | Male (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Breast Cancer | |||||||||
Fagherazzi et al. 2011 [57] | France | Cohort | Population based (E3N study) | Tea (unclear) | 67703 | 2868 | 40-65 | 11 | 0 (0) |
Iwasaki et al. 2010 [60] | Japan | Cohort | Population based (JPHC study) | Green tea & Black tea | 53793 | 845 | 40-69 | 13.6 | 0 (0) |
Dai et al. 2010 [33] | China | Cohort | Population based (SWHS study) | Green tea | 72861 | 614 | 40-70 | 7.3 | 0 (0) |
Boggs et al. 2010 [56] | USA | Cohort | Population based (BWHS study) | Tea (unclear) | 52062 | 1268 | 21-69 | 12 | 0 (0) |
Pathy et al. 2010 [55] | Dutch | Cohort | Population based (EPIC-NL study) | Tea (unclear) | 27323 | 681 | 20-70 | 9.6 | 0 (0) |
Larsson et al. 2009 [61] | Sweden | Cohort | Population based (Swedish Mammography Cohort) | Black tea | 66651 | 2952 | 40-76 | 17.4 | 0 (0) |
Ishitani et al. 2008 [25] | USA | Cohort | Population based (Women’s Health Study) | Tea (unclear) | 38432 | 1188 | >45 | 10 | 0 (0) |
Ganmaa et al. 2008 [58] | USA | Cohort | Registered nurses (Nurses’ Health Study) | Tea (unclear) | 85987 | 5272 | 30-55 | 22 | 0 (0) |
Hirvonen et al. 2006 [54] | France | Cohort | Double-blind placebo-controlled primary-prevention trial (SU.VI.MAX Study) | Tea (unclear) | 4396 | 95 | 35-60 | 6.6 | 0 (0) |
Adebamowo et al. 2005 [49] | USA | Cohort | Registered nurses (Nurses’ Health Study II) | Tea (unclear) | 90638 | 710 | 25-46 | 4 | 0 (0) |
Suzuki et al. 2004 [63] | Japan | Cohort | Population based | Green tea | 35004 | 222 | 40-64 | 7-9 | 0 (0) |
Michels et al. 2002 [62] | Sweden | Cohort | Population based (Swedish Mammography Screening Cohort) | Tea (unclear) | 59036 | 1271 | 40-76 | 10.8 | 0 (0) |
Key et al. 1999 [51] | Japan | Cohort | Hiroshima or Nagasaki bombings survivor (LSS study) | Green tea & Black tea | 34759 | 405 | <40 to >80 | 1969-1993 | 0 (0) |
Zheng et al. 1996 [41] | USA | Cohort | Population based (Iowa Women’sHealth Study) | Non-herbal tea | 35369 | 1602 | 55-69 | 8 | 0 (0) |
Goldbohm et al. 1996 [59] | Netherlands | Case-cohort | Population based (Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer) | Black tea | 1376 | 507 | 55-69 | 4.3 | 0 (0) |
Colorectal Cancer | |||||||||
Dominianni et al. 2013 [29] | USA | Cohort | Population based (The PLCO Cancer Screening Trial) | Tea | 57398 | 683 | 55-74 | 11.4 | 27596 (48.1) |
Sinha et al. 2012 [10] | USA | Cohort | Population based (NIH-AARP Study) | Tea (unclear) | 489706 | 6946 | 50-71 | 10.5 | 292211 (59.7) |
Yang et al. 2011 [11] | China | Cohort | Population based (SMHS Study) | Green tea | 60567 | 243 | 40-74 | 4.6 | 60567 (100) |
Simons et al. 2010 [38] | Netherlands | Case-cohort | Population based (NLCS Study) | Tea (unclear) | 3877 | 2199 | 55-69 | 13.3 | 58279 (48.2) |
Lee et al. 2007 [26] | Japan | Cohort | Population based (JPHC study) | Green tea | 96162 | 1163 | 52.1 | 10 | 46023(47.9) |
Oba et al. 2006 [31] | Japan | Cohort | Population based (Cohort in Takayama) | Green tea | 30221 | 213 | >35 | 1992-2000 | 13894 (46.0) |
Michels et al. 2005 [39] | USA | Cohort | Registered nurses and health professionals (NHS and HPFS) | Tea (unclear) | 133893 | 1402 | 30-75 | 18 and 12 | 46099 (34.4) |
Suzuki et al. 2005 [44] | Japan | Cohort | Population based | Green tea | 26311 | 269 | 40-64 | 8-9 | - |
Su et al. 2002 [28] | USA | Cohort | Population based (NHEFS study) | Tea (unclear) | 10011 | 219 | 25-74 | 20 | - |
Terry et al. 2001 [45] | Sweden | Cohort | Population based (The Swedish Mammography Screening Cohort) | Black tea | 61463 | 460 | 40-76 | 9.6 | 0 (0) |
Nagano et al. 2001 [18] | Japan | Cohort | Atomic bomb survivor (LSS study) | Green tea | 38540 | 596 | 55.3 | 16 | 14873 (38.6) |
Hartman et al. 1998 [40] | Finnish | RCT | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled prevention trial (ATBC Study) | Tea (unclear) | 27029 | 185 | 57.2 | 6.1 | 27111 (100) |
Zheng et al. 1996 [41] | USA | Cohort | Population based (Iowa Women’s Health Study) | Non-herbal tea | 35369 | 474 | 55-69 | 8 | 0 (0) |
Goldbohm et al. 1996 [59] | Netherlands | Case-cohort | Population based (Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer) | Black tea | 2929 | 564 | 55-69 | 4.3 | 0 (0) |
Nechuta et al. 2012 [27] | China | Cohort | Population based (Shanghai Women’s Health Study) | Tea (any) | 69310 | 586 | 40-70 | 11 | 0 (0) |
Liver Cancer | |||||||||
Nechuta et al. 2012 [27] | China | Cohort | Population based (Shanghai Women’s Health Study) | Tea (any) | 69310 | 134 | 40-70 | 11 | 0 (0) |
Ui et al. 2009 [65] | Japan | Cohort | Population based (Ohsaki Cohort study) | Green tea | 41761 | 247 | 40-79 | 9 | 19748 (47.3) |
Inoue et al. 2009 [64] | Japan | Cohort | Population based (Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study Cohort II) | Green tea | 18815 | 110 | 40-69 | 12.7 | 6420 (34.1) |
Nagano et al. 2001 [18] | Japan | Cohort | Atomic bomb survivor (LSS study) | Green tea | 38540 | 391 | 55.3 | 16 | 14873 (38.6) |
Prostate Cancer | |||||||||
Geybels et al. 2013 [69] | Netherlands | Case-cohort | Population based (The Netherlands Cohort Study) | Black tea | 5490 | 3362 | 55-69 | 17.3 | 5490 (100) |
Montague et al. 2012 [30] | Singepore | Cohort | Population based (Singapore Chinese Health Study) | Green tea & Black tea | 27293 | 298 | 45-74 | 11.2 | 27293 (100) |
Shafique et al. 2012 [68] | Canada | Cohort | Employed men and women (Collaborative Cohort Study) | Tea (unclear) | 6016 | 186 | 21-75 | 28 | 6016 (100) |
Kurahashi et al. 2008 [67] | Japan | Cohort | Population based (Singapore Chinese Health Study) | Green tea | 49920 | 404 | 40-69 | 15 | 49920 (100) |
Kikuchi et al. 2006 [66] | Japan | Cohort | Population based (Ohsaki Cohort Study) | Green tea | 18961 | 110 | 40-79 | 7 | 18961 (100) |
Allen et al. 2004 [50] | Japan | Cohort | Atomic-Bomb Survivors (LSS Study) | Green tea & Black tea | 18115 | 193 | 18-99 | 16.9 | 18115 (100) |
Ellision et al. 2000 [53] | Canada | Cohort | Population based (NCS Study) | Tea (unclear) | 3400 | 145 | 50-84 | 20 | 3400 (100) |
Stomach Cancer | |||||||||
Nechuta et al. 2012 [27] | China | Cohort | Population based (Shanghai Women’s Health Study) | Tea (any) | 69310 | 293 | 40-70 | 11 | 0 (0) |
Inoue et al. 2009 [43] | Japan | Cohort | Pooled Study (JPHC-I, JPHC-II, JACC, MIYAGI,3-pref MIYAGI,3-pref AICHI) | Green tea | 219080 | 3577 | 40-103 | 8-15 | 100479 (45.9) |
Sauvaget et al. 2005 [52] | Japan | Cohort | Atomic-Bomb Survivors (LSS Study) | Green tea | 38576 | 1270 | 34-98 | 1980-1999 | 14885 (38.6) |
Galanis et al. 1998 [42] | Japan | Cohort | Population based | Green tea | 11907 | 108 | 46.4 | 14.8 | 5610 (47.1) |
Goldbohm et al. 1996 [59] | Netherlands | Case-cohort | Population based (Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer) | Black tea | 2929 | 182 | 55-69 | 4.3 | 0 (0) |
Reference | Response rate | Assessment of exposure | Adjustments | Quality score (NOS stars) | |||||
Breast Cancer | |||||||||
Fagherazzi et al. 2011 [57] | UK | Self-administered FFQ | Total energy intake, ever use of oral contraceptives, age at menarche, age at menopause, number of children, age at first pregnancy, history of breast cancer in the family and years of schooling, current use of postmenopausal hormone therapy, personal history of benign breast disease, menopausal status and BMI | 7 | |||||
Iwasaki et al. 2010 [60] | >80% | Self-administered FFQ | Age, area, age at menarche, menopausal status at baseline, number of births, age at first birth, height, BMI, alcohol intake, smoking status, leisure time physical activity, daily physical activity, exogenous hormone use, family history of breast cancer, oolong tea intake, black tea intake, coffee intake, canned coffee intake and Sencha and Bancha/Genmaicha intake. | 8 | |||||
Dai et al. 2010 [33] | 92% | In-person interview (frequency of tea consumption) | Age, educational achievement, income, family history of breast cancer, history of fibro adenoma, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, physically active, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, passive smoking status, ginseng intake, age at menarche, age at first live birth, menopausal status, age at menopause, use of hormone replacement therapy, and dietary intake of total energy, fruits, vegetables, red meat, fish, and isoflavones. | 9 | |||||
Boggs et al. 2010 [56] | >80% | Self-administered FFQ | Age, energy intake, age at menarche, BMI at age 18, family history of breast cancer, education, geographic region, parity, age at first birth, oral contraceptive use, menopausal status, age at menopause, female hormone use, vigorous activity, smoking status, alcohol intake, coffee and decaffeinated coffee | 8 | |||||
Pathy et al. 2010 [55] | UK | Self-administered FFQ | Propensity score (based on age, smoking status, educational status, BMI, alcohol intake, energy intake, energy adjusted saturated fat intake, energy adjusted fiber intake, coffee intake, physical activity level, ever use of oral contraceptives, presence of hypercholesterolemia, family history of breast cancer, age at menarche, parity, and cohort) | 7 | |||||
Larsson et al. 2009 [61] | 74% | Self-administered FFQ | Age, education, body mass index, height, parity, age at first birth, age at menarche, age at menopause, use of oral contraceptives, use of postmenopausal hormones, family history of breast cancer, intakes of total energy, alcohol and coffee | 7 | |||||
Ishitani et al. 2008 [25] | 100% | Self-administered FFQ | Age, randomized treatment assignment, body mass index, physical activity, total energy intake, alcohol intake, multivitamin use, age at menopause, age at menarche, age at first pregnancy lasting ≥6 months, number of pregnancies lasting ≥6 months, menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, prior hysterectomy, prior bilateral oophorectomy, smoking status, family history of breast cancer in mother or a sister, and history of benign breast disease | 8 | |||||
Ganmaa et al. 2008 [58] | 90% | Self-administered FFQ | Age months, smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, height, alcohol intake, family history of breast cancer in mother or a sister, history of benign breast disease, menopausal status, age at menopause, use of hormone therapy, age at menarche, parity and age at first birth, weight change after18 and duration of postmenopausal hormone use and Coffee | 7 | |||||
Hirvonen et al. 2006 [54] | UK | Self-administered 24 h dietary record | Age, smoking, number of children, use of oral contraception, family history of breast cancer, and menopausal status | 7 | |||||
Adebamowo et al. 2005 [49] | >90% | Self-administered FFQ | Age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, family history of breast cancer in mother and/or sister, history of benign breast disease, oral contraceptive use, alcohol consumption, energy intake, current body mass index, height, smoking habit, physical activity and menopausal status | 7 | |||||
Suzuki et al. 2004 [63] | 94% | Self-administered FFQ | Age, types of health insurance, age at menarche, menopausal status, age at first birth, parity, mother’s history of breast cancer, smoking, alcohol drinking, body mass index and consumption frequencies of black tea and coffee | 8 | |||||
Michels et al. 2002 [62] | 76% | Self-administered FFQ | Age, family history of breast cancer, height, body mass index, education, parity, age at first birth, alcohol consumption, total caloric intake | 7 | |||||
Key et al. 1999 [51] | 53.4% | Self-administered FFQ | Attained age, calendar period, city, age at time of bombing and radiation dose | 6 | |||||
Zheng et al. 1996 [41] | 42.3% | Self-administered FFQ | Age, education, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, physical activity, all fruit and vegetable Intake, waist/hip ratio, and family history of cancer, age at menarche, age at menopause, age at first pregnancy | 7 | |||||
Goldbohm et al. 1996 [59] | UK | Self-administered FFQ | Benign breast disease, history of breast cancer in mother and sisters, age at menarche, age at menopause, use of oral contraceptives, age atfirst birth, parity, body mass index, smoking status, education, and intakes of energy, fat, and alcohol | 7 | |||||
Colorectal Cancer | |||||||||
Dominianni et al. 2013 [29] | 78% | Self-administered FFQ | Age, gender, race, family history of colorectal cancer, education, body mass index, physical activity, smoking status, NSAID intake, history of diabetes, number of colorectal examinations up to 3 years before the start of study, hormone use, fruit intake, vegetable intake, meat intake, alcohol intake and study centre. | 7 | |||||
Sinha et al. 2012 [10] | UK | Self-administered FFQ | Age, sex, race, education, smoking status, time since quitting for former smokers, smoking dose, ever smoke a pipe or cigar, diabetes, colorectal screening, family history of colorectal cancer, regular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, marital status, BMI, frequency of vigorous physical activity, calories, fruit and vegetables, red meat, dietary calcium intake, alcohol, and menopausal hormone therapy in women | 7 | |||||
Yang et al. 2011 [11] | 74.1% | In-person interview (frequency of tea consumption) | Age, education, cigarette smoking, pack-years of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, body mass index, history ofdiabetes, family history of colorectal cancer and intakes of vegetables, fruits and red meat | 8 | |||||
Simons et al. 2010 [38] | UK | Self-administered FFQ | Age, family history of CRC, non-occupational physical activity, smoking status, educational level, body mass index, ethanol intake, meat intake, processed meat intake, foliate intake, vitamin B6 intake, fiber intake, and fluid intake from other fluids | 7 | |||||
Lee et al. 2007 [26] | 79% | Self-administered FFQ | BMI, smoking status, alcohol drinking, family history of colorectal cancer, physical activity, and intake of green vegetables, beef, pork, green tea, Chinese tea and black tea | 7 | |||||
Oba et al. 2006 [31] | 92% | Self-administered FFQ | Age, height, BMI, total pack-years of cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, black tea intake and green tea/coffee intake. | 8 | |||||
Suzuki et al. 2005 [44] | 91.7% | Self-administered FFQ | Sex, age, family history of colorectal cancer, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, consumption of black tea, and coffee. Cohort1 adjusted for consumption of meat, green-yellow vegetables, other vegetables, and fruits. Cohort2 adjusted for consumption of beef, pork, ham, chicken, liver, spinach, carrot or pumpkin, tomato, orange, other fruits, and juice | 8 | |||||
Michels et al. 2005 [39] | 100% and 96% | Self-administered FFQ | Age, family history of colorectal cancer, history of sigmoidoscopy, height, body mass index, pack-years of smoking, physical activity, aspirin use, vitamin supplement intake, alcohol consumption, red meat consumption, total caloric intake, and, among women in addition for menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use. | 7 | |||||
Su et al. 2002 [28] | 92.2% | In-person interviews (24 h food recall) | Baseline age, race, education level, BMI, aspirin use, dietary intakes of calories, fat, fiber and calcium, and alcohol use at baseline. | 9 | |||||
Terry et al. 2001 [45] | 98% | Self-administered FFQ | Age in 5-yr age groups, body mass index (quartiles), education level (3 categories), quartiles of total calories, red meat, coffee, alcohol, energy-adjusted total fat, fruit fiber, vegetable fiber, cereal fiber, calcium, vitamin C, folic acid, and vitamin D. | 8 | |||||
Nagano et al. 2001 [18] | 72% | Self-administered FFQ | City, age, gender, radiation exposure, smoking status, alcohol drinking, body mass index, education level, calendar time | 6 | |||||
Hartman et al. 1998 [40] | _ | Self-administered FFQ | Age, intervention group, calcium, occupational physical activity, and BMI. | 7 | |||||
Zheng et al. 1996 [41] | 42.3% | Self-administered FFQ | Age, education, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, physical activity, all fruit and vegetable Intake, waist/hip ratio, and family history of cancer | 7 | |||||
Goldbohm et al. 1996 [59] | 96% | Self-administered FFQ | Benign breast disease, history of breast cancer in mother and sisters, age at menarche, age at menopause, use of oral contraceptives, age at first birth, parity, body mass index, smoking status, education, and intakes of energy, fat, and alcohol | 8 | |||||
Nechuta et al. 2012 [27] | 99.8% | In-person interview, self-administered FFQ | age, marital status, education, occupation, BMI, exercise, fruit and vegetable intake, meat intake, diabetes, and family history of digestive system cancer | 9 | |||||
Liver Cancer | |||||||||
Nechuta et al. 2012 [27] | 99.8% | In-person interview, self-administered FFQ | age, marital status, education, occupation, BMI, exercise, fruit and vegetable intake, meat intake, diabetes, and family history of digestive system cancer | 9 | |||||
Ui et al. 2009 [65] | 94.6% | Self-administered FFQ | Age, sex, alcohol consumption, smoking status, coffee consumption, vegetable consumption, dairy products consumption, fruit consumption, fish consumption, soybean consumption | 8 | |||||
Inoue et al. 2009 [64] | 82% | Self-administered FFQ | Sex, age, area, smoking status, weekly ethanol intake, body mass index, history of diabetes mellitus, coffee consumption, green tea consumption, serum ALT level, HCV infection status, and HBV infection status | 8 | |||||
Nagano et al. 2001 [18] | 72% | Self-administered FFQ | City, age, gender, radiation exposure, smoking status, alcohol drinking, body mass index, education level, calendar time | 7 | |||||
Prostate Cancer | |||||||||
Geybels et al. 2013 [69] | 96% | Self-administered FFQ | Age | 8 | |||||
Montague et al. 2012 [30] | UK | In-person Interview | Age, dialect group, interview year, education, body mass index and smoking history, green/black tea intake | 8 | |||||
Shafique et al. 2012 [68] | 70% | Self-administered FFQ | Age, body mass index, smoking status, coffee consumption, alcohol intake, cholesterol level, systolic blood pressure, social class, and years of full-time education | 7 | |||||
Kurahashi et al. 2008 [67] | 77% | Self-administered FFQ | Age, area, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, marital status, and coffee, black tea, and miso soup consumption, fruits, green or yellow vegetables, dairy food, soy food, and genistein consumption | 7 | |||||
Kikuchi et al. 2006 [66] | 95% | Self-administered FFQ | Age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking status, marital status, daily calorie intake, daily calcium intake, walking duration, consumption frequencies of black tea and coffee and consumption frequencies of fish | 8 | |||||
Allen et al. 2004 [50] | UK | Interview-based FFQ | Age, calendar period, city of residence, radiation dose and education level | 7 | |||||
Ellision et al. 2000 [53] | 47% | In-person interviews (24 h food recall and one month food frequency) | Age, coffee, cola, total alcohol, beer, wine, spirits, smoking status, pack-years smoking, body mass index, highest education level attained, respondent status, intake of fiber, fat, calories. | 8 | |||||
Stomach Cancer | |||||||||
Nechuta et al. 2012 [27] | 99.8% | In-person interview, self-administered FFQ | Age, marital status, education, occupation, BMI, exercise, fruit and vegetable intake, meat intake, diabetes, and family history of digestive system cancer | 9 | |||||
Inoue et al. 2009 [43] | 82%, 80%, 83%, 92%, 94%, 90% | Self-administered FFQ | Age, area, smoking, ethanol intake, rice intake, soy bean paste soup, and coffee intake, pickled vegetable intake and green–yellow vegetable intake | 8 | |||||
Sauvaget et al. 2005 [52] | 72.5% | Self-administered FFQ | Sex, sex-specific age, city, radiation dose, sex-specific smoking habits, and education level. | 6 | |||||
Galanis et al. 1998 [42] | 95% | Self-administered FFQ | Age, years of education, Japanese place of birth, and gender. Analyses among men were also adjusted for cigarette smoking and alcohol intake status | 8 | |||||
Goldbohm et al. 1996 [59] | 72% | Self-administered FFQ | Benign breast disease, history of breast cancer in mother and sisters, age at menarche, age at menopause, use of oral contraceptives, age at first birth, parity, body mass index, smoking status, education, and intakes of energy, fat, and alcohol | 7 | |||||