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Table 2 Mortality hazard ratio a following ovarian cancer diagnosis associated with ß-blocker use, overall and by cancer stage at diagnosis b

From: Use of ß-blockers and mortality following ovarian cancer diagnosis: a population-based cohort study

 

Number of deaths (%)

Median years of follow-up

Crude HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)c

Overall

    

Nonusers

4,106 (66.59)

2.56

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Current users

245 (65.68)

2.65

1.04 (0.91–1.18)

1.17 (1.02–1.34)

Previous users

55 (63.22)

2.14

1.03 (0.79–1.35)

1.18 (0.90–1.55)

Localized cancer

    

Nonusers

722 (39.07)

10.58

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Current users

46 (35.94)

7.87

0.97 (0.72–1.31)

1.01 (0.73–1.39)

Previous users

13 (46.43)

7.07

1.44 (0.83–2.50)

1.57 (0.90–2.76)

Regional metastasis

    

Nonusers

1,409 (72.97)

2.54

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Current users

75 (77.32)

2.21

1.21 (0.96–1.52)

1.52 (1.18–1.95)

Previous users

10 (62.50)

1.42

0.95 (0.51–1.77)

0.89 (0.46–1.69)

Distant metastasis

    

Nonusers

1,602 (83.44)

1.25

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Current users

96 (86.49)

1.10

1.09 (0.89–1.35)

1.18 (0.95–1.47)

Previous users

24 (72.73)

1.86

0.70 (0.47–1.05)

0.91 (0.60–1.37)

  1. CI: Confidence interval.
  2. a Obtained using Cox proportional hazards models.
  3. b Classified according to Summary Staging classification with the TNM grouping translated as localized (TNM: T1–4, N0, M0), regional (TNM: T1–4, N1–3, M0), distant (TNM: T1–4, N1–3, M1), or unknown/missing.
  4. c Adjusted for age (20–40, 41–60, 61–80, ≥80 years), comorbidity level, prior use of diuretics (yes/no), year of diagnosis, aspirin (yes/no), and statins (yes/no). Comorbidity was computed using the Charlson Comorbidity Index score categorized into low (0), medium (1–2), or high (3+).