Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

• age over 18 years, no age limit higher

• Patient with metastasis,

• Performance status evaluated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score: 0-1

• T1 or T2N0 tumor classified by echo -endoscopy and MRI,

• rectal tumor with lower pole is more than 12 cm from the anal margin or 10 cm from the dentate line,

• Patients with cancer of the middle or lower rectum (lesion located within 10 cm from the dentate line or 12 cm from the anal margin) proved by pathology,

• Patient did not complete the full protocol of radiotherapy,

• History of tumors (other than basal cell carcinoma and / or carcinoma in situ of the cervix)

• T3-T4N0, TxN+ on ultrasound-endoscopy and MRI, without secondary localization (M0) on the thoraco-abdominal (or chest radiography and abdominal ultrasound)

• A patient with impaired or incompetent

• investigator by not allowing him a good understanding of the requirements of the study, person under guardianship, persons under guardianship, persons deprived of their liberty by judicial or administrative body, adult subject to legal protection or unable to consent.

• Patient who received a protocol between 45–50 Gy of radiotherapy and chemotherapy based on 5-fluorouracil for an average duration of 5 weeks for the management of rectal cancer,

• Curative surgical treatment planned following radiochemotherapy with total mesorectal excision,

• Free and informed consent signed by the patient,

• Patient affiliated to a social security scheme or beneficiary of such plan (except AME)

• Patient able, according to the investigator, to comply with the requirements of the study.