Table 8 The capacity of HB-19 and related multivalent Nucant pseudopeptides to bind ANP32A¹, SET¹, and nucleophosmin² expressed on the cell surface of cells in addition to nucleolin.

ANP32A: The acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family, member A. In the literature it has also been referred to as LANP, MAPM, PP32, PHAP I, I1PP2A, C15orf1, MGC119787, and MGC150373. ANP32 is a 30-kDa phosphoprotein that is mainly described in the nucleus. It is characterized by an N-terminal tandem arrays of a leucine rich repeat and an acidic carboxyl half. ANP32A is implicated in a number of cellular processes, including modulation of cell signaling and transduction of gene expression to regulate the morphology and dynamics of the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion and differentiation, and caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis [78].

SET nuclear oncogene. In the literature it has also been referred to as 2PP2A, IGAAD, TAF-I, I2PP2A, IPP2A2, PHAP II, and TAF-IBETA. SET is a 39-kDa phosphoprotein with a highly acidic carboxyl-terminus. It is a multifunctional protein widely expressed in various tissues and localizes predominantly in the nucleus. It is involved in apoptosis, transcription, nucleosome assembly and histone binding [79].

Nucleophosmin. Also referred to as B23, nucleophosmin is a 37-kDa protein ubiquitously expressed chaperone that shuttles rapidly between the nucleus and cytoplasm, but predominantly resides in the nucleolus [101]. It is implicated in several cellular processes, including ribosome biogenesis, centrosome duplication, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis [77]. Somatic mutations in the exon 12 of the nucleophosmin gene (NPM1) are the most frequent genetic abnormality in adult acute myeloid leukemia leading to aberrant localization of nucleophosmin into the cytoplasm [77, 101], which might be a critical event for leukogenesis [102].