Table 2 PAF of cancer according to topography and potentially modifiable risk factors
From: Proportion of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in Peru
TOPOGRAPHY | PAF (%) | C.I. 95% | % TOTAL PAF |
|---|---|---|---|
Mouth, pharynx (C00-C14) | |||
HPV Infection | 8.1 | 6.5–9.8 | |
Current tobacco use | 20.5 | 11.8–30.8 | 65.7 |
Alcohol use | 36.1 | 23.2–48.2 | |
Low fruit and vegetable consumption | 1.1 | 0.1–2.2 | |
Esophagus (C15) | |||
Current tobacco use | 11 | 6.9–15.9 | |
Obesity | 12.3 | 3.9–36.3 | 60.8 |
Sedentary behavior | 21.9 | 2.2–37.5 | |
Alcohol use | 15.6 | 13.8–17.6 | |
Stomach (C16) | |||
Helicobacter pylori infection | 46.4 | 18.6–65.9 | |
Current tobacco use | 8.3 | 3.8–14.4 | |
Obesity | 2.8 | 0.7–5.1 | 82.6 |
Red meat consumption | 18.9 | 10.2–18.2 | |
Processed meat consumption | 6.2 | 1.0–11.5 | |
Colorectal (C18-C21) | |||
Current tobacco use | 2.1 | 1.1–3.1 | |
Sedentary behavior | 18.5 | 8.3–27.1 | |
Alcohol use | 4.1 | 2.1–6.3 | |
Obesity | 4.1 | 2.4–6.1 | 53.6 |
Overweight | 7.4 | 0.1–15.1 | |
Red meat consumption | 5.9 | 1.5–9.8 | |
Processed meat consumption as | 5 | 2.4–7.8 | |
Low fruit and vegetable consumption | 6.6 | 0.9–12.4 | |
Liver (C22) | |||
Hepatitis B virus | 32.4 | 30.2–34.6 | |
Hepatitis C virus | 21.5 | 20.1–23.1 | 82.3 |
Current tobacco use | 5.7 | 3.8–6.6 | |
Obesity | 16.6 | 10.2–23.3 | |
Overweight | 6 | 0.8–11.4 | |
Gallbladder (C23) | |||
Obesity | 12.6 | 5.3–20.8 | 18.6 |
Overweight | 6 | 2.6–9.6 | |
Pancreas (C25) | |||
Current tobacco use | 7.3 | 6.1–8.4 | |
Alcohol use | 7.2 | 4.7–9.6 | 21.8 |
Obesity | 7.2 | 3.1–11.7 | |
Larynx (C32) | |||
HPV infection | 22.1 | 10.9–37.0 | 85.6 |
Current tobacco use | 38.8 | 18.5–60.6 | |
Low fruit and vegetable consumption | 24.7 | 14.4–33.2 | |
Lung (C34) | |||
Current tobacco use | 44.3 | 17.5–70.0 | |
Secondhand smoke | 7.7 | 5.0–10.2 | 80.7 |
Sedentary behavior | 17 | 4.4–28.3 | |
Low fruit and vegetable consumption | 11.7 | 4.3–19.3 | |
Skin melanoma (C43) | |||
Ultraviolet radiation | 25 | 20.7–29.4 | 25 |
Kaposi sarcoma (C46) | |||
HHV-8 infection | 100 | 96.4–100.0 | 100 |
Breast (C50) | |||
Current tobacco use | 9.2 | 1.2–25.8 | |
Secondhand smoke | 5.6 | 2.1–9.0 | |
Obesity | 8.5 | 6.3–10.8 | 41.8 |
Overweight | 6 | 3.6–8.5 | |
Sedentary behavior | 12.5 | 2.5–21.7 | |
Cervix (C53) | |||
HPV infection | 100 | 96.4–100.0 | 100 |
Endometrium (C54.1) | |||
Obesity | 28.4 | 22.3–34.7 | 58 |
Overweight | 10.6 | 5.6–15.6 | |
Sedentary behavior | 19 | 6.3–30 − 8 | |
Ovary (C56) | |||
Obesity | 5.9 | 3.5–8.4 | 8.4 |
Overweight | 2.5 | 5.6–13.2 | |
Penis (C60) | |||
HPV infection | 75,0 | 45,6–88,5 | 75,0 |
Kidney (C64) | |||
Current tobacco use | 4.6 | 2.7–6.5 | 36.2 |
Obesity | 16.9 | 13.3–20.4 | |
Overweight | 14.8 | 11.4–18.0 | |
Bladder (C67) | |||
Current tobacco use | 20.8 | 18.0–23.6 | 27.9 |
Obesity | 16.9 | 13.3–20.4 | |
Overweight | 14.8 | 11.4–18.0 | |
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (C81) | |||
Epstein Barr virus | 59.7 | 34.1–79.1 | 63.8 |
HIV | 0.7 | 0.2–1.9 | |
Current tobacco use | 3.4 | 1.3–5.7 | |
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (C82-C85, C96.3) | |||
Epstein Barr virus | 68 | 39.1–84.5 | 69.6 |
HIV | 1 | 0.7–1.39 | |
hepatitis C virus | 0.6 | 0.4–0.9 | |
Leukemias (C91-C95) | |||
Current tobacco use | 4.1 | 2.3–6.0 | 12.8 |
Obesity | 5.5 | 3.7–7.6 | |
Overweight | 3.3 | 1.5–5.0 |