Fig. 1

Analysis of EPPK1 mRNA and protein expression levels in multiple cancers. A Comparison of EPPK1 mRNA levels between tumor and normal tissues in various human cancers using the Wilcoxson rank sum test. EPPK1 mRNA was overexpressed in breast invasive carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, kidney chromophobe, liver cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, rectum adenocarcinoma, stomach adenocarcinoma, thyroid cancer, uterine carcinosarcoma compared to levels in their respective normal tissues. In contrast, EPPK1 mRNA was overexpressed in normal tissue adjacent to bladder urothelial carcinoma and kidney chromophobe tissue compared to levels in their respective tumor tissues. Red: tumor, Blue: normal tissue, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. B Representative image of EPPK1 protein expression in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) (20x). C Overall survival analysis using Kaplan–Meier for EPPK1 protein expression in early-stage LUAD. Log-rank test demonstrates that elevated EPPK1 protein expression correlates with poor prognosis (P = 0.024 in stage I, P = 0.022 in stage I + II). Hazard ratio (HR) with the 95% confidence interval (CI) is reported using the univariate Cox regression model. Adjusted (Adj.) HR is presented using a multivariable Cox regression model adjusted for gender