Table 1 Studies correlated imaging findings and histopathological features utilizing WMH as the gold standard

For MRI studies

Ageeli 2021 [6]

3T-MRI

PI-RADS

prospective

single-center

There was a statistically significant correlation between Gleason score and PI-RADS score (χ2 (2, N = 196) = 12.838, p = 0.002). High PI-RADS on MRI detected more than 80% high risk prostate cancer disease.

Wibulpolprasert 2019 [7]

3T-MRI

PI-RADS

retrospective

single-center

Detection percentage: (i) index lesions with size ≥ 1 cm: 81.6%; (ii) index lesions with GS ≥ 7: 80.9%; (iii) index lesions with both GS ≥ 7 and size ≥ 1 cm: 83.3%.

Schaudinn 2019 [8]

3T-MRI

PI-RADS

retrospective

single-center

PI-RADS v2 showed a trend towards lower sensitivities, but differences were not significant for both readers: R1 72.4% (v1) vs. 63.8% (v2) (P = 0.426) and R2 77.6% (v1) vs. 69.0% (v2) (P = 0.402).

Reynolds 2022 [9]

3T-MRI

ADC, DCE

retrospective

single-center

The feature importance of ADC was the highest overall, particularly in the high grade tumors. Cohen’s d values or MRI parameters: (i) low grade tumors ADC vs. TTP: 0.323 vs. 0.478; (ii) high grade tumors ADC vs. TTP: 0.959 vs. 0.644.

Chatterjee 2019 [10]

3T-MRI

ADC, DCE

retrospective

single-center

Most malignant wedge-shaped regions were highly hypointense (10/12; 83%) on ADC maps and showed early enhancement on DCE (7/12; 58%). Mean quantitative ADC value of malignant wedge-shaped regions: 1.13 ± 0.11 μm/ms.

Bajgiran 2019 [11]

3T-MRI

ADC

retrospective

single-center

The ADC ratio performed better in discriminating PCa lesions with GS = 3 + 3 from those with GS ≥ 3 + 4 comparing to ADC. The AUC value: (i) ADC_{tumor_mean} vs. ADC_{ratio_mean}: 0.70 vs. 0.80; (ii) ADC_{ratio_min} vs. ADC_{tumor_min}: 0.72 vs. 0.67; p = 0.043).

Broeke 2019 [13]

3T Sodium MRI

ΔTSC

retrospective

single-center

Only the correlation between ΔTSC and Gleason score was statistically significant (rs = 0.791, p < 0.01), whereas ADC (rs = -0.306, p = 0.079) and ΔT2 (rs = -0.069, p = 0.699) were not.

Chatterjee 2022 [14]

hybrid multidimensional (HM) MRI

-

prospective

single-center

Prostate tissue composition measured with HM MRI and quantitative histologic evaluation did not differ (stroma, 45% ± 11 vs. 44% ± 11, P = 0.23; epithelium, 31% ± 15 vs. 34% ± 15, P = 0.08; and lumen, 24% ± 13 vs. 22% ± 11, P = 0.80).

Zhang 2020 [15]

diffusion-relaxation correlation spectrum imaging (DR-CSI)

fA, fC,

fepithelium, flumen

prospective

single-center

PCa vs. benign tissues: fA: 0.37 ± 0.05 vs. 0.27 ± 0.06; P < 0.001; fC: 0.18 ± 0.06 vs. 0.31 ± 0.13; P = 0.01); fepithelium: 0.44 ± 0.13 vs. 0.26 ± 0.16; P < 0.001: flumen: 0.14 ± 0.08 vs. 0.27 ± 0.18; P = 0.004.

For PET studies

Sonni 2022 [16]

⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT;

3T-MRI

-

prospective

single-center

Cancer detection rate (lesion-based): (i) PSMA PET/CT: 85%; (ii) mpMRI: 83%; (iii) PET/CT + mpMRI: 87%. The change in AUC was statistically significant between PSMA PET/CT + mpMRI and the 2 imaging modalities alone for delineation of tumor localization (segment-based analysis) (P < 0.001) but not between PSMA PET/CT and mpMRI (P = 0.093).

Bahler 2020 [17]

⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT;

3T-MRI

-

prospective

single-center

PSMA-positron emission tomography detected 100% of primary/index lesions and 8 of 11 (82%) secondary lesions. All Grade Group 3–5 lesions were detected vs. 12 of 15 Grade Group 2 lesions.

Scheltema 2019 [18]

⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT;

3T-MRI

-

retrospective

single-center

PSMA-PET vs. PI-RADS: (i) AUC: 0.91 vs. 0.79; (ii) sensitivity 88% vs. 68%; (iii) specificity 93% vs. 91%.

Gao 2019 [19]

⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT;

3T-MRI

-

retrospective

single-center

SUV_max differs in cribriform vs. non-cribriform leasions (18.2 vs. 7.2 per lesion, P < 0.001) while ADC does not. SUV_max can predict cribriform morphology in PCa (odds ratio 11.93, 95% confidence interval 6.49–33.74, per lesion, P < 0.001)

Touijer 2019 [20]

⁶⁸Ga-RM2 PET/CT;

3T-MRI

-

prospective

single-center

The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 68Ga-RM2 PET/CT imaging and mpMRI did not differ significantly. AUC: (i) PET visual analysis: 0.76; (ii) PET quantitative analysis: 0.72; (iii) mpMRI: 0.76; (iv) PET/CT + mpMRI: 0.85.

Alfano 2020 [21]

¹⁸F-DCFPyL PSMA-PET/MRI

-

prospective

single-center

A threshold of 67% SUV max with an 8.4 mm margin achieved a sensitivity of 95.0 ± 7.8% and specificity of 76.4 ± 14.7%. A threshold of 81% SUV max with a 5.1 mm margin achieved sensitivity of 65.1 ± 28.4% and specificity of 95.1 ± 5.2%.