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Table 2 Risk of non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma according to smoking habits

From: The dose-response relationship between tobacco smoking and the risk of lymphomas: a case-control study

 

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma

Controls (n = 1004)

Cases (n = 571)

OR (95% CI)

Controls (n = 188)

Cases (n = 188)

OR (95% CI)

No.

%

No.

%

No.

%

No.

%

Smoking status

 Never

426

42.4

239

41.9

1c

89

47.3

85

45.2

1c

 Former

296

29.5

146

25.6

0.91 (0.68–1.20)

33

17.6

23

12.2

0.83 (0.43–1.63)

 Current

282

28.1

186

32.6

1.18 (0.91–1.54)

66

35.1

80

42.6

1.50 (0.93–2.44)

Current

Smoking intensity (cig/day)a

  < 15

141

14.0

78

13.7

0.99 (0.71–1.39)

40

21.3

36

19.2

1.07 (0.61–1.88)

  ≥ 15

139

13.8

108

18.9

1.42 (1.02–1.97)

26

13.8

43

22.9

2.47 (1.25–4.87)

 χ2 for trend

    

p = 0.04

    

p = 0.02

 Increase of 5 cig/day

   

1.07 (1.00–1.15)

    

1.28 (1.11–1.49)

Smoking duration (years)a, b

  < 30

131

13.1

80

14.0

1.38 (0.96–1.99)

34

18.1

33

17.6

1.03 (0.55–1.93)

  ≥ 30

151

15.0

105

18.4

1.04 (0.75–1.44)

32

17.0

47

25.0

2.15 (1.16–3.99)

 χ2 for trend

    

p = 0.46

    

p = 0.03

Age at starting (years)a

  ≥ 18

130

13.0

75

13.1

1.00 (0.71–1.41)

24

12.8

25

13.3

1.35 (0.69–2.62)

  < 18

151

15.0

110

19.3

1.36 (0.99–1.88)

42

22.3

55

29.3

1.60 (0.93–2.77)

 χ2 for trend

    

p = 0.07

    

p = 0.10

Former

Smoking intensity (cig/day)a

  < 15

139

13.9

69

12.1

0.93 (0.66–1.31)

16

8.5

9

4.8

0.72 (0.29–1.80)

  ≥ 15

156

15.6

77

13.5

0.91 (0.64–1.29)

17

9.0

14

7.5

1.07 (0.46–2.51)

 χ2 for trend

    

p = 0.42

    

p = 0.49

 Increase of 5 cig/day

   

0.99 (0.92–1.06)

    

1.02 (0.83–1.24)

Smoking duration (years)a, b

  < 30

168

16.7

86

15.1

0.95 (0.69–1.31)

12

6.4

14

7.5

1.56 (0.66–3.72)

  ≥ 30

127

12.7

60

10.5

0.85 (0.58–1.25)

20

10.6

9

4.8

0.44 (0.17–1.13)

 χ2 for trend

    

p = 0.34

    

p = 0.83

Age at starting (years)a

  ≥ 18

155

15.5

78

13.7

0.91 (0.65–1.28)

16

8.6

8

4.3

0.53 (0.19–1.46)

  < 18

139

13.9

65

11.4

0.87 (0.61–1.26)

16

8.6

15

8.0

1.17 (0.52–2.62)

 χ2 for trend

    

p = 0.36

    

p = 0.49

Time since quitting (years)a

  ≥ 16

153

15.3

76

13.4

0.91 (0.64–1.30)

12

6.5

9

4.8

1.39 (0.47–4.11)

  < 16

140

14.0

67

11.8

0.86 (0.60–1.23)

19

10.2

13

7.0

1.10 (0.47–2.53)

 χ2 for trend

    

p = 0.39

    

p = 0.75

  1. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression model adjusted for gender, age, study center, years of education, and place of birth
  2. aThe sum does not add up to the total because of missing values. bFor HL, the cut-off was set at 15 years
  3. cReference category
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BMC Cancer

ISSN: 1471-2407

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