Table 1 Odds ratios (OR), population attributable risks (PAR) and confidence intervals (95 % CI) for oral cavity cancer associated with tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and their joint effect, overall and by subsite, gender and age. ICARE study
Cases | Controls | OR (95 % CI)a | PAR (95 % CI)a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 689) | (N = 3481) | |||
Oral cavity overall | ||||
None consumption | 37 | 926 | reference | |
Alcohol alone | 14 | 297 | 1.1 (0.4–2.6) | 0.3 % (−3.9–3.9) |
Tobacco alone | 135 | 1189 | 3.2 (1.9–5.3) | 12.7 % (6.9–18.0) |
Tobacco and alcohol | 486 | 1040 | 17.3 (10.6–28.3) | 69.9 % (64.4–74.7) |
Total (Alcohol and/or tobacco) | Ψ = 5.2 (1.9–13.8) | 82.9 % (73.8–88.5) | ||
By subsite | ||||
Base of tongue | ||||
None consumption | 5 | 926 | reference | |
Alcohol alone | 5 | 297 | 0.8 (0.1–7.3) | -** |
Tobacco alone | 28 | 1189 | 3.3 (1.1–9.6) | 14.5 % (0.6–26.5) |
Tobacco and alcohol | 90 | 1040 | 13.1 (4.6–37.3) | 65.4 % (49.1–76.5) |
Total (Alcohol and/or tobacco) | Ψ = 4.8 (0.5–46.1) | 79.6 % (50.6–91.6) | ||
Mobile tongue | ||||
None consumption | 16 | 926 | reference | |
Alcohol alone | 3 | 297 | 0.6 (0.1–4.7) | -** |
Tobacco alone | 40 | 1189 | 3.1 (1.3–7.3) | 16.5 % (3.5–27.7) |
Tobacco and alcohol | 100 | 1040 | 12.0 (5.1–28.5) | 60.1 % (46.1–70.5) |
Total (Alcohol and/or tobacco) | Ψ = 6.9 (0.8–60.5) | 75.7 % (51.3–87.9) | ||
Gum | ||||
None consumption | 5 | 926 | reference | |
Alcohol alone | 2 | 297 | 0.8 (0.1–8.0) | -** |
Tobacco alone | 12 | 1189 | 1.5 (0.4–5.4) | 11.1 % (−30.1–39.2) |
Tobacco and alcohol | 18 | 1040 | 2.6 (0.7–9.6) | 26.2 % (−13.9–52.2) |
Total (Alcohol and/or tobacco) | Ψ = 2.0 (0.2–23.4) | 36.4 % (−62.3–75.0) | ||
Floor of the mouth | ||||
None consumption | 2 | 926 | reference | |
Alcohol alone | 2 | 297 | 2.4 (0.2–27.7) | 0.5 % (−5.8–6.4) |
Tobacco alone | 33 | 1189 | 11.1 (2.5–48.7) | 15.5 % (6.7–23.6) |
Tobacco and alcohol | 146 | 1040 | 88.1 (20.3–381.8) | 79.6 % (70.8–85.7) |
Total (Alcohol and/or tobacco) | Ψ = 3.3 (0.3–38.3) | 95.6 % (82.3–98.9) | ||
Soft palate | ||||
None consumption | 4 | 926 | reference | |
Alcohol alone | 0 | 297 | not estimated | |
Tobacco alone | 11 | 1189 | 2.0 (0.5–8.2) | 7.2 % (−9.4–21.3) |
Tobacco and alcohol | 57 | 1040 | 17.5 (4.7–65.3) | 75.1 % (55.1–86.1) |
Total (Alcohol and/or tobacco) | Ψ not estimated | 82.3 % (44.9–94.3) | ||
Other parts of the mouth | ||||
None consumption | 5 | 926 | reference | |
Alcohol alone | 2 | 297 | 4.4 (0.6–34.1) | 3.4 % (−6.6–12.5) |
Tobacco alone | 10 | 1189 | 2.2 (0.4–12.8) | 4.9 % (−8.5–16.6) |
Tobacco and alcohol | 61 | 1040 | 27.7 (5.7–135.1) | 79.3 % (59.9–89.2) |
Total (Alcohol and/or tobacco) | Ψ = 2.8 (0.3–26.5) | 87.6 % (50.1–96.9) | ||
By gender | ||||
Male | ||||
None consumption | 11 | 482 | reference | |
Alcohol alone | 9 | 247 | 0.7 (0.2–2.3) | –** |
Tobacco alone | 94 | 967 | 2.7 (1.3–5.4) | 9.8 % (3.0–16.1) |
Tobacco and alcohol | 431 | 1008 | 13.2 (6.8–25.5) | 74.0 % (66.5–79.9) |
Total (Alcohol and/or tobacco) | Ψ = 7.2 (2.1–24.8) | 83.3 % (68.8–91.1) | ||
Female | ||||
None consumption | 26 | 444 | reference | |
Alcohol alone | 5 | 50 | 1.4 (0.3–7.1) | 0.9 % (−10.6–11.1) |
Tobacco alone | 41 | 222 | 3.6 (1.7–7.8) | 22.4 % (6.8–35.5) |
Tobacco and alcohol | 55 | 32 | 41.9 (17.8–98.7) | 45.4 % (32.7–55.6) |
Total (Alcohol and/or tobacco) | Ψ = 8.0 (1.4–46.5) | 68.7 % (49.4–80.6) | ||
By age | ||||
< 45 years | ||||
None consumption | 5 | 124 | reference | |
Alcohol alone | 0 | 24 | not estimated | |
Tobacco alone | 10 | 207 | 1.6 (0.3–8.8) | 8.0 % (−29.8–34.8) |
Tobacco and alcohol | 33 | 62 | 31.5 (4.4–123.1) | 67.7 % (41.5–82.1) |
Total (Alcohol and/or tobacco) | Ψ not estimated | 75.7 % (20.6–93.9) | ||
45–60 years | ||||
None consumption | 15 | 300 | reference | |
Alcohol alone | 3 | 97 | 0.4 (0.1–3.3) | -** |
Tobacco alone | 66 | 513 | 2.9 (1.4–6.0) | 10.9 % (3.5–17.8) |
Tobacco and alcohol | 297 | 399 | 22.1 (10.9–44.7) | 75.2 % (68.3–80.5) |
Total (Alcohol and/or tobacco) | Ψ = 18.4 (2.2–152.3) | 85.5 % (73.4–92.1) | ||
> 60 years | ||||
None consumption | 17 | 502 | reference | |
Alcohol alone | 11 | 176 | 2.4 (0.8–6.8) | 2.5 % (−3.8–8.4) |
Tobacco alone | 59 | 469 | 5.1 (2.3–11.0) | 16.8 % (7.9–24.7) |
Tobacco and alcohol | 156 | 579 | 16.4 (7.7–35.1) | 62.8 % (52.7–70.8) |
Total (Alcohol and/or tobacco) | Ψ = 1.4 (0.4–4.3) | 82.1 % (67.4–90.2) | ||