A GSDMB enhancer-driven HSV thymidine kinase-expressing vector for controlling occult peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer cells

Background Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the major malignant diseases worldwide, especially in Asia, and Japan and Korea have the highest incidence in the world. Because most of the cases that are refractory to therapies die due to peritoneal dissemination (PD) of the cancer cells, controlling PD is important for patient survival. GSDMB is a member of the gasdermin gene family. Because GSDMB is expressed in many types of cancer, including GC, it is likely that the gene contains a regulatory region that is utilized for therapy of occult PD through cancer cell-specific expression of cytotoxic genes. Methods We performed reporter assays to identify the regulatory region for the cancer cell-specific expression. We also constructed a lentiviral therapeutic vector that expresses herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) in a GC cell-specific manner, and tested it in a mouse model of PD. Results We identified the regulatory region at +496 to +989 from the GSDMB transcription start site and designated it as a GSDMB enhancer. The lentiviral therapeutic vector suppressed proliferation of a GC cell line, 60As6, in vitro in the presence of ganciclovir, and intraperitoneal administration of the vector prolonged the survival term of mice that were intraperitoneally inoculated with 60As6 one week prior to the administration. Conclusions The GSDMB-driven HSVtk expression vector had a therapeutic effect on the occult PD model mice. This strategy can potentially be used to treat GC patients with PD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1436-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


Background
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the major malignant diseases, especially in Asia, and the second leading cause of cancer-associated deaths worldwide [1]. It is usually classified into two types (Lauren's classification) [2], intestinal and diffuse, which are thought to reflect its pathogenesis [3]. The diffuse-type GC (DGC) is sub-classified as poorly differentiated GC (non-solid type) or undifferentiated GC in the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association classification system [4]. DGC is infiltrative and often shows aggressive invasion into the gastric wall, resulting in metastasis and the spread of GC cells into the peritoneal cavity (peritoneal dissemination, PD).
The disseminated GC cells in the peritoneal cavity give rise to peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) [5]. PC causes gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, as well as systemic symptoms such as weight loss and ascite. PC not only strongly deteriorates the quality of life of GC patients, but it is also the leading cause of death in GC [6]. With supportive care alone, the median survival of patients with PC is 3-6 months [7]. If treated with systemic chemotherapy, in the same manner as for other metastatic lesions, PC shows a poorer response to the therapy than other types of metastasis in GC, mainly because of poor distribution of the chemotherapeutic agent in the peritoneal cavity. Therefore, recent efforts have focused on innovative PC therapeutics, such combining of cytoreductive surgery, thermal therapy, and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. These combined approaches have slightly improved the prognosis of PC, although the median survival period is still less than 12 months, making it clear that there is a practical limit to the efficacy of surgical cytoreduction [8,9]. Recent studies suggest that it is important to identify GC patients with occult PD by performing a cytologic examination of peritoneal lavage fluid, because such cases showed improved prognosis if they obtained conversion to negative cytology by extensive intraoperative peritoneal lavage followed by intraperitoneal chemotherapy [10].
The concept of "suicide gene" cancer therapy, using herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk), emerged in the 1980s [11]. HSVtk catalyzes the phosphorylation of the guanosine analogue ganciclovir (GCV) into a monophosphate form that is subsequently phosphorylated by cellular nucleotide kinases into highly toxic ganciclovir triphosphate [12]. Ganciclovir triphosphate blocks DNA replication, leading to cell cycle arrest and cell death [13]. Therapy involving HSVtk transfer into cancer cells, followed by GCV administration, is known as suicide gene therapy, and this technique was recently used in a phase III clinical trial on glioblastoma multiforme [12].
In this study, we developed a therapeutic vector that expresses HSVtk in cancer cells, utilizing a regulatory region of the gasdermin B gene (GSDMB). GSDMB is a member of the gasdermin (GSDM) family that consists of four genes, GSDMA, GSDMB, GSDMC and GSDMD [14,15], and is expressed in proliferating cells of normal epithelium and also in many types of cancer, including esophageal, gastric, liver, colon, uterine cervix and breast cancers [14,[16][17][18]. GSDMB expression is driven by two promoters, the cellular promoter and LTR-derived promoter [19][20][21]. The LTR-derived promoter (LTR promoter) is active in most normal tissues, except the stomach, and in many cancer cell lines, while the cellular promoter is active in normal stomach tissue and in some cancer cell lines [20]. In this study, we identified a region in downstream of the LTR promoter, that showed strong transcriptional activity in GC cell lines. We used this region to construct an HSVtk-expression viral vector for controlling occult PD.

Human tissues
Gastric cancer (GC) tissues were provided by the National Cancer Center Hospital after obtaining written informed consent from each patient, which was approved by the National Cancer Center Institutional Review Board (ID: No.17-030). Tissue specimens were immediately frozen with liquid nitrogen after surgical extraction, and stored at −80°C until use.

Microarray analysis
Total RNA was isolated by suspending the cells in ISO-GEN lysis buffer (Nippon Gene, Toyama, Japan) followed by precipitation with isopropanol. We performed expression analyses using Human Expression Array U95A version 2 (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) according to the suppliers' protocols . The expression value (average difference: AD) of each gene was calculated using GeneChip Analysis Suite version 4.0 software (Affymetrix). Hierarchical clustering of microarray data was performed using GeneSpring (Agilent Technologies Ltd., Palo Alto, CA), Microsoft EXCEL, and Cluster & TreeView [22,23]. All microarray data have been deposited in a MIAME compliant database, GEO (accession number; GSE47007). By Wilcoxon u-test (p < 0.05) and by showing a 2-fold change, genes expressed specifically in diffuse-type GC were selected [22].

Cell lines and primary culture of mouse mesothelial cells
Three gastric cancer cell lines, HSC-57, derived from intestinal-type GC, and HSC-59 and HSC-60, both derived from diffuse-type GC, were established and characterized by one of the authors [24]. SNU16, derived from diffuse-type GC, was provided from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Two other cell lines with efficiency in producing PD mice, 60As6 and 60As6GFP (60As6 expressing green fluorescence protein), were established by the authors from the diffuse-type GC derived HSC-60 cell line after several passages of intraperitoneal transplantation to mice [25]. CC-2511, a fibroblast cell line, was purchased from Lonza, Japan (Tokyo, Japan). All cell lines were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium. Mouse mesothelial cells were harvested by injection of 10 mL of warmed 0.25 % Trypsin/EDTA solution into the peritoneal cavity [26].

GSDMB enhancer-HSVtk lentivirus vector
A pMFG-HSVtk vector was provided by RIKEN BRC through the National Bio-Resource Project of the MEXT, Japan, by courtesy of Dr. Hirofumi Hamada, and an HSVtk cDNA was excised from it as an Nco I-BamH I fragment. To construct the GSDMB enhancer-HSVtk lentivirus vector, first the +496 to +989 fragment (GSDMB enhancer) was inserted into pcDNA3.1 (+) (Life Technologies) between Nhe I and Hind III sites, and then HSVtk cDNA was inserted into the vector at a BamH I site in the forward (for sense-strand expression) or reverse (for antisense-strand expression) direction. Next, GSDMB enhancer-HSVtk sense and GSDMB enhancer-HSVtk antisense fragments were excised from the plasmid vectors as Nhe I-Not I fragments and inserted into pLVSIN-CMV neo vectors between the Xba I and Not I sites. Finally, a CMV promoter was removed from the lentiviral constructs. To generate viral particles containing the vectors, the constructs were introduced into Lenti-X™ 293 T Cells (Takara) using Lenti-X™ HTX Packaging System (Takara). After 72 h'-incubation, the medium was collected and the viral titer (cfu/mL) was determined by transduction into HT-1080 cells in the presence of polybrene (5 μg/mL in culture medium, Sigma-Aldrich). The particles were applied to Met-5A and 60As6 (1 × 10 5 cells per dish, in triplicate) in vitro in the presence of polybrene (5 μg /mL), and the cells were incubated in medium containing Gancicrovir (GCV, 5 μg/mL, WAKO) for 5 days for cell growth assays. The assays were performed in triplicate and P-value of Student's t-test between the cultured cells with (+) and without (−) GCV was calculated.

Treatment of PD mouse model with GSDMB enhancer-HSVtk vectors
We previously reported a mouse PD model (PD mice) that was produced by intraperitoneal injection of 60As6 cells [25]. 60As6GFP cells (1 × 10 6 cells per mouse) were injected into the peritoneal cavity of 18 mice (6 weekold mice of CB17/Icr-Prkdc < scid>/CrlCrlj Genotype: scid/scid, Charles River, Yokohama Japan) at day 1. The mice were divided into two groups; one group was injected with the antisense expression vector, and the other group was injected with the sense vector; both groups then were intraperitoneally injected with 2 mL of PBS solution containing viral particle (5 × 10 5 cfu) and Ganciclovir (2 mg) at 8, 10 and 12 day. The mean survival time of each group and the P-value of Student's t-test between the two groups were calculated. The study was approved by the National Cancer Center Committee on Animal Experiments.

Identification of an enhancer region in GSDMB, which drives gene expression in GC cells
To identify the promoter/enhancer regions that would be effective in the development of a therapeutic vector for peritoneal dissemination (PD), we first searched for genes more frequently expressed in diffuse-type GC than in intestinal-type GC using comparative gene expression analysis between 12 primary diffuse-types and 18 intestinaltypes, because PD is more frequently seen in diffuse-type GC than in the intestinal-type [22]. We noticed that four of ten Affymetrix GeneChip probe sets showing the highest fold-change for gene expression in diffuse-type GC compared to intestinal-type were probe sets for MYH11 (myosin, heavy chain 11, smooth muscle gene, Additional file 1: Table S1). After confirming that the gene is not expressed in the immortalized human mesothelial cell line MeT-5A (data not shown), we selected MYH11 as a strong candidate for the gene whose promoter enables diffuse-type GC specific expression of HSVtk. However, the gene is not expressed in 60As6 cells that were used for making PD model mice (Additional file 2: Figure S1). It is likely that MYH11 is expressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts which are especially abundant in diffuse-type GC tissues. Next, going out of the microarray data analysis, we shifted our attention to upstream regions of CXCR4 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 gene) and CXCR7 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 7 gene), as both are expressed in many types of cancer and have an important role in metastasis [27]. However, using reporter assays, we found that the upstream regions of these genes were transcriptionally active in both the MeT-5A and the 60As6 cells (Additional file 2: Figure S2), implying that the regions drive the expression of HSVtk in human mesothelial cells in vivo. Finally, we focused on the GSDMB gene, as our previous study indicated that it is strongly expressed in GC tissues and cell lines [14].
GSDMB is transcribed by two promoters, cellular and LTR promoters (Fig. 1a), and the latter is mainly used in normal tissues and in cancer cell lines [19][20][21]. We confirmed these findings by performing RT-PCR analyses on RNA from several types of normal tissues (Fig. 1b). the LTR promoter was used in 14 of 15 intestinal-type GCs and in 11 of 15 diffuse-type GCs (Fig. 1c).

RT-PCR on GC surgical specimens demonstrated that
To identify a region critical for the transcriptional activity in GC cells, a DNA fragment spanning −1080 to +1053 bp, the position from a transcription start site for the LTR promoter, was isolated (Fig. 2a). The reporter assays on truncated DNA fragments using two GC cell lines, HSC-57 and HSC-59, indicated that a +496 to +989 region had strong transcriptional activity, even stronger than that of the original −1080 to +1053 fragment, and that further truncation of the +496 to +989 fragment resulted in significant reduction of the transcriptional activity (Fig. 2b). The region corresponding to this fragment with strong transcriptional activity was named GSDMB enhancer.

Construction of a GSDMB enhancer-driven HSVtk lentivirus vector
We previously reported a mouse PD model (PD mice) that was produced by intraperitoneal injection of 60As6 cells [25]; in this study, we developed a viral therapeutic vector for the treatment of PD mice. For examining the strength of the transcriptional activity of GSDMB enhancer in 60As6, reporter assays were performed, using the reporter construct for the upstream regions of CXCR4 A B Fig. 2 Identification of GSDMB enhancer. (a) A schematic illustration showing reporter constructs used in the luciferase assays. Long terminal repeat (LTR) element of human endogeneous retrovirus is shown by a double-headed arrow. The position is from the transcription start site for the transcript of the LTR promoter. (b) Luciferase assays using two gastric cancer cell lines, HSC-57 and HSC-59, revealed a region with strong transcriptional activity, spanning from +496 to +989, which was designated as GSDMB enhancer. Vector, empty reporter vector, Bar, standard deviation and CXCR7 for comparison. The GSDMB enhancer showed stronger transcriptional activity in 60As6 cells than the CXCR4 or the CXCR7 upstream regions, and, importantly, the GSDMB enhancer had very weak transcriptional activity in mouse peritoneal mesothelial cells and in Met-5A, a human mesothelial cell line (Fig. 3). This result suggests that the GSDMB enhancer enables HSVtk expression almost exclusively in 60As6 but not in mesothelial cells of the peritoneal cavity of the PD mice, and probably not in human peritoneal mesothelium.
Next, we examined the effect of the HSVtk/GCV therapy using the GSDMB enhancer-driven HSVtk lentivirus vector on 60As6 in vitro (Fig. 4a). The number of 60As6 cells transduced with the lentivirus vector was significantly reduced when incubated in medium supplemented with GCV; on the other hand, the same HSVtk/GCV treatment had no effect on the cell number of Met-5A (Fig. 4b).
HSVtk/GCV therapy of occult PD mice We applied HSVtk/GCV therapy to PD mice. In this therapeutic assay, we prepared two types of the GSDMB enhancer-driven lentivirus vector: one vector expressed the sense-strand of HSVtk cDNA and was used for the treatment of PD mice, whereas the other vector expressed the antisense-strand and was used as the control. The therapy was started seven days after intraperitoneal inoculation of 60As6 cells expressing green fluorescence protein (60As6GFP). This regimen was designed for treatment of occult PD model in which 60As6GFP cells were diffusely engrafted into the peritoneal cavity (Figs. 4c, d). After three doses of treatment, at day 36, none of the nine mice treated with HSVtk sense-expression vector had died, while two of the nine reference mice had already died. None of the nine reference mice were alive at day 57, i.e., eight weeks after injection of 60As6GFP cells; however, four of nine therapeutic vector-treated mice were still alive (Fig. 4e). This result suggests that the therapy can improve the prognosis of occult PD mice.

Discussion
The GSDMB enhancer drives gene expression in GC cells Previously we reported that GSDMB is expressed in all GC tissues and cell lines examined [14], and in this study we demonstrated that the LTR promoter drives GSDMB expression in 25 of 30 GC specimens (Fig. 1c). The transcriptional activity of the LTR region (Fig. 2a) was previously demonstrated by reporter assays in non-GC cell lines [20,21]. However, we found a distinct region with strong transcriptional activity in the downstream of the LTR region, and designated it as GSDMB enhancer. In addition to the two GC cell lines, HSC-57 and HSC-59, the transcriptional activity of this region was detected by reporter assays in other GC cell lines, including MKN74 (relative luciferase activity was approximately 1.9), HSC-60 (29.4), HSC-42 (2.5) and HSC-44 (4.6), but not in HSC-58 or MKN28 (data not shown) [14]. Thus, the GSDMB enhancer does not drive gene expression in some GC cells.
Truncation of a region spanning +496 to +562 significantly reduced the transcriptional activity of the GSDMB enhancer (Fig. 2b, +562 to +989). In the +496 to +562 region, we found consensus-binding sites of several transcription factors, including GATA2, GATA3, GATA4, YY1, SOX5, SOX9, SOX10 and NFY-A, and basesubstitution in any of these consensus sequences did not affect the transcriptional activity of the enhancer (data not shown). The transcription factor that interacts with Application of the therapeutic lentivirus vector to treatment of human occult PD Curative therapy has not been established for PD. GC patients with macroscopic PD have poor prognoses, with a median overall survival of 3-6 months. Those with only microscopic PD also have a poor prognosis; their 5-year survival rate is 0-18 % [28]. Therefore, it is important to detect occult PD by cytologic examination of peritoneal lavage fluid and completely eradicate cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity. Meta-analyses by Cabalag et al. indicated that extensive intraperitoneal lavage (EIPL, physiological saline 1 litter/dose, 10 times) and intraoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IIPC) with cisplatin significantly improved 5-year overall survival to more than 40 % [28]. The results of our study suggest that HSVtk/GCV therapy using the lentivirus vector improves the prognosis of patients independently, and we assume it will be used as a consolidation therapy. Solid tumors with diffuse growth are composed of many myofibroblasts and few vessels (e.g., diffuse-type GCs, pancreatic cancers and scirrhous type of breast cancer). Depending on the conditions of the microenvironment, such as nutrient deficiency, these tumors show a high (e) Number of survived mice after HSVtk/GCV therapy with the sense-strand expressing vector (red) and with an antisense-strand expressing vector as reference (blue). Mean survival time of each group is shown at the right side with Pvalue of Student's t-test between the two groups prevalence of rarely-proliferative tumor cells. Thus, diffusetype GC cells disseminated in the peritoneal cavity may consist of a population that can resist the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin. The lentivirus therapeutic vector can introduce HSVtk into both proliferating and non-proliferating cells. Moreover, the GSDMB enhancer enables GC cell-specific HSVtk expression. This restricted expression minimizes mesothelial cell damage, implying that the gene therapy can be performed using doses high enough to completely eradicate GC cells, even those resistant to cisplatin, in occult PD. It is likely that combination therapy, EIPL and IIPC, followed by HSVtk/GCV therapy using the lentivirus vector, will improve the prognosis of occult PD more significantly than the EIPL and IIPC combination therapy alone. We believe that this regimen is worthy of being placed on clinical trials. Although it appears that the GSDMB enhancer does not work in some GC cells, further studies aiming at identifying additional GC-specific enhancers, will resolve this problem.