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  1. The incidence of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is markedly higher in women than men during the reproductive years. In vitro studies have suggested that estrogen may play an important role in the development and ...

    Authors: Yanhong Huang, Wenwu Dong, Jing Li, Hao Zhang, Zhongyan Shan and Weiping Teng
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:383
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Vitamin and mineral supplement use after a breast cancer diagnosis is common and controversial. Dosages used and the timing of initiation and/or discontinuation of supplements have not been clearly described.

    Authors: Heather Greenlee, Marilyn L Kwan, Isaac J Ergas, Garrett Strizich, Janise M Roh, Allegra T Wilson, Marion Lee, Karen J Sherman, Christine B Ambrosone, Dawn L Hershman, Alfred I Neugut and Lawrence H Kushi
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:382
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. This study aims to determine cancer risks among patients with type 2 diabetes through a follow-up study on a nationwide population-based cohort that included Taiwanese diabetic patients and general population ...

    Authors: Cheng-Chieh Lin, Jen-Huai Chiang, Chia-Ing Li, Chiu-Shong Liu, Wen-Yuan Lin, Teng-Fu Hsieh and Tsai-Chung Li
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:381
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Humans are exposed to an array of both harmful and beneficial hormonally active compounds in the environment and through diet. Two such chemicals are Bisphenol A (BPA), a plasticizer, and genistein, a componen...

    Authors: Jun Wang, Sarah Jenkins and Coral A Lamartiniere
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:379
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. FOXO4, a member of the FOXO family of transcription factors, is currently the focus of intense study. Its role and function in gastric cancer have not been fully elucidated. The present study was aimed to inve...

    Authors: Linna Su, Xiangqiang Liu, Na Chai, Lifen Lv, Rui Wang, Xiaosa Li, Yongzhan Nie, Yongquan Shi and Daiming Fan
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:378
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. The hypermethylation of Alcohol dehydrogenase iron containing 1 (ADHFE1) was recently reported to be associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) differentiation. However, the effect of alcohol on ADHFE1 hypermethylat...

    Authors: Ji Wook Moon, Soo Kyung Lee, Yong Woo Lee, Jung Ok Lee, Nami Kim, Hye Jeong Lee, Jung Seon Seo, Jin Kim, Hyeon Soo Kim and Sun-Hwa Park
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:377
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. The incidence of renal cell cancer (RCC) has been increasing for the past decade, and the 5-year survival for patients with metastatic RCC (mRCC) is rather low. Everolimus (RAD001), a new inhibitor for mammali...

    Authors: Siming Li, Yan Kong, Lu Si, Zhihong Chi, Chuanliang Cui, Xinan Sheng and Jun Guo
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:376
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. The identification of potential tumor markers will help improve therapeutic planning and patient management. Thrombomodulin (TM) is a sensitive urothelial marker. TM was reported to be one of the endogenous an...

    Authors: Chun-Te Wu, Ying-Hsu Chang, Paul- Yang Lin, Wen-Cheng Chen and Miao-Fen Chen
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:375
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. There is clear evidence that nutrition and lifestyle can modify colorectal cancer risk. However, it is not clear if those factors can affect colorectal cancer treatment, recurrence, survival and quality of lif...

    Authors: Renate M Winkels, Renate C Heine-Bröring, Moniek van Zutphen, Suzanne van Harten-Gerritsen, Dieuwertje EG Kok, Fränzel JB van Duijnhoven and Ellen Kampman
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:374
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  10. Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive human malignancies with a extremely low 5-year survival rate. Hence, the search for more effective anti-pancreatic cancer agents is urgent.

    Authors: Xing-dong Xu, Lan Yang, Li-yun Zheng, Yan-yan Pan, Zhi-fei Cao, Zhi-qing Zhang, Quan-sheng Zhou, Bo Yang and Cong Cao
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:373
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Erratum to this article has been published in BMC Cancer 2016 16:374

  11. Partial nephrectomy (PN) preserves renal function and has become the standard approach for T1a renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, there is still an ongoing debate as to which patients will actually derive gr...

    Authors: Frederik C Roos, Sandra Steffens, Kerstin Junker, Martin Janssen, Frank Becker, Gerd Wegener, Walburgis Brenner, Julie Steinestel, Thomas J Schnoeller, Mark Schrader, Rainer Hofmann, Joachim W Thüroff, Markus A Kuczyk, Heiko Wunderlich, Stefan Siemer, Arndt Hartmann…
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:372
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Postmenopausal hormone therapy (HRT) and oral contraceptive (OC) use have in several studies been reported to be associated with a decreased colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, data on the association betwe...

    Authors: Jenny Brändstedt, Sakarias Wangefjord, Björn Nodin, Jakob Eberhard, Karin Jirström and Jonas Manjer
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:371
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, is reported to exert anti-tumor effects by upregulating the expression of the natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) ligands on tumor cells; however, the m...

    Authors: Pengfei Shi, Tao Yin, Feng Zhou, Pengfei Cui, Shanmiao Gou and Chunyou Wang
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:370
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Although many of the recently approved genomically targeted therapies have improved outcomes for patients in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with lung adenocarcinoma, little is known about the genomic alter...

    Authors: Liyun Miao, Yongsheng Wang, Suhua Zhu, Minke Shi, Yan Li, Jingjing Ding, Jun Yang, Qing Ye, Hourong Cai, Deping Zhang, Hongbing liu and Yong Song
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:369
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Colon cancer with lymph node metastases has been considered as advanced stage and to have poor survival. We postulated that patients with solitary lymph node metastasis are a distinct subset with better colon ...

    Authors: Qingguo Li, Yuwei Wang, Guoxiang Cai, Dawei Li and Sanjun Cai
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:368
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents of cervical cancer in women, which results in over 250 000 deaths per year. Presently there are two prophylactic vaccines on the market, protecting against...

    Authors: Mark Whitehead, Peter Öhlschläger, Fahad N Almajhdi, Leonor Alloza, Pablo Marzábal, Ann E Meyers, Inga I Hitzeroth and Edward P Rybicki
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:367
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) is a highly diagnostic factor in discriminating malignant and benign breast masses in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI). The combination of ADC and...

    Authors: Hongmin Cai, Lizhi Liu, Yanxia Peng, Yaopan Wu and Li Li
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:366
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. This study aims to assess the most efficient combinations of vaccination and screening coverage for the prevention of cervical cancer (CC) at different levels of expenditure in Nigeria.

    Authors: Nadia Demarteau, Imran O Morhason-Bello, Babatunde Akinwunmi and Isaac F Adewole
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:365
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. The prevalence of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumourgst (GIST) who fail currently available treatments imatinib and sunitinib (third-line treatment-eligible GIST) is unknown, but is expected to be b...

    Authors: Justyna M Starczewska Amelio, Javier Cid Ruzafa, Kamal Desai, Spiros Tzivelekis, Dominic Muston, Javaria Mona Khalid, Philip Ashman and Andrew Maguire
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:364
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a tumor with sizable metastases and local recurrence. It has a worse prognosis than bladder cancer. This study was designed to investigate the urinary potential tumor...

    Authors: Chih-Ming Lu, Jen-Jie Lin, Han-Hsiang Huang, Ying-Chin Ko, Jue-Liang Hsu, Jiing-Chuan Chen, Zhong-Hao Din and Yu-Jen Wu
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:363
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Data on cancers is a challenge in most developing countries. Population-based cancer registries are also not common in developing countries despite the usefulness of such registries in informing cancer prevent...

    Authors: Dennis O Laryea, Baffour Awuah, Yaw A Amoako, E Osei-Bonsu, Joslin Dogbe, Rita Larsen-Reindorf, Daniel Ansong, Kwasi Yeboah-Awudzi, Joseph K Oppong, Thomas O Konney, Kwame O Boadu, Samuel B Nguah, Nicholas A Titiloye, Nicholas O Frimpong, Fred K Awittor and Iman K Martin
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:362
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. There is a body of evidence that shows a link between tumorigenesis and ribosome biogenesis. The precursor of mature 18S, 28S and 5.8S ribosomal RNAs is transcribed from the ribosomal DNA gene (rDNA), which ex...

    Authors: Maria Giulia Bacalini, Annalisa Pacilli, Cristina Giuliani, Marianna Penzo, Davide Treré, Chiara Pirazzini, Stefano Salvioli, Claudio Franceschi, Lorenzo Montanaro and Paolo Garagnani
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:361
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) has anti-apoptotic functions, which may protect TIMP-1 positive cancer cells from the effects of chemotherapy such as docetaxel and gemcitabine. The purpose of...

    Authors: Charlotte Levin Tykjær Jørgensen, Christina Bjerre, Bent Ejlertsen, Karsten D Bjerre, Eva Balslev, Annette Bartels, Nils Brünner and Dorte L Nielsen
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:360
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a transmembrane enzyme that is present in many types of solid tumors. Expression of CA IX is driven predominantly by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway and helps to mai...

    Authors: Zuzana Ditte, Peter Ditte, Martina Labudova, Veronika Simko, Filippo Iuliano, Miriam Zatovicova, Lucia Csaderova, Silvia Pastorekova and Jaromir Pastorek
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:358
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. IL-6 triggers oncogenic/angiogenic signals and the cytokine-dependent pro-cachexia cascade. The prognostic role of the functional IL-6 (promoter) rs1800795 and the IL-6R (receptor) rs8192284 single nucleotide pol...

    Authors: Annamaria Ruzzo, Vincenzo Catalano, Emanuele Canestrari, Elisa Giacomini, Daniele Santini, Giuseppe Tonini, Bruno Vincenzi, Giammaria Fiorentini, Mauro Magnani and Francesco Graziano
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:357
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of CA15-3 for the diagnostic integration of molecular imaging findings performed with hybrid positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PETCT) technol...

    Authors: Mariarosaria Incoronato, Peppino Mirabelli, Onofrio Catalano, Marco Aiello, Chiara Parente, Andrea Soricelli and Emanuele Nicolai
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:356
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. The association between alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency and colorectal cancer (CRC) is currently controversial. The present study compares AAT serum concentrations and gene frequencies between a group of ...

    Authors: Sergio Pérez-Holanda, Ignacio Blanco, Manuel Menéndez and Luis Rodrigo
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:355
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Tumors drive blood vessel growth to obtain oxygen and nutrients to support tumor expansion, and they also can induce lymphatic vessel growth to facilitate fluid drainage and metastasis. These processes have ge...

    Authors: Alanna Ruddell, Alexandra Croft, Karen Kelly-Spratt, Momoko Furuya and Christopher J Kemp
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:354
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Metastasis to the cervical (neck) lymph nodes is one of the most significant clinical factors responsible for death from oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Therefore, the lymph nodes are frequently removed wh...

    Authors: Kenichiro Uchida, Ratna Veeramachaneni, Bing Huey, Aditi Bhattacharya, Brian L Schmidt and Donna G Albertson
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:353
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. In a malignant tumour, cancer cells are embedded in stromal cells, namely cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). These CAFs are now accepted as important players in cancer dynamics, being involved in tumour gro...

    Authors: Nelma Pértega-Gomes, José R Vizcaíno, Jan Attig, Sarah Jurmeister, Carlos Lopes and Fátima Baltazar
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:352
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Platelets are frequently altered in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Platelet lysates (hPL) can enhance HCC cell growth and decrease apoptosis. The aims were to evaluate whether hPL can modulate the ac...

    Authors: Rosalba D’Alessandro, Maria G Refolo, Catia Lippolis, Grazia Giannuzzi, Nicola Carella, Caterina Messa, Aldo Cavallini and Brian I Carr
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:351
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. To report the results of a subgroup analysis of a prospective phase II trial focussing on radiation therapy and outcome in patients with extremity soft tissue sarcomas (STS).

    Authors: Falk Roeder, Burkhard Lehner, Thomas Schmitt, Bernd Kasper, Gerlinde Egerer, Oliver Sedlaczek, Carsten Grüllich, Gunhild Mechtersheimer, Patrick Wuchter, Frank W Hensley, Peter E Huber, Juergen Debus and Marc Bischof
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:350
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs), which comprise thymoma and thymic carcinoma, are rare cancers with specific morphological and clinical features. Their clinical characteristics and outcomes have gradually been...

    Authors: Yusuke Okuma, Yukio Hosomi, Kageaki Watanabe, Yuko Yamada, Hirotoshi Horio, Yoshiharu Maeda, Tatsuru Okamura and Tsunekazu Hishima
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:349
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Overexpression of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K), a DNA/RNA binding protein, is associated with metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the mechanisms underlying hnRNP K-med...

    Authors: I-Che Chung, Lih-Chyang Chen, An-Ko Chung, Mei Chao, Hsin-Yi Huang, Chuen Hsueh, Ngan-Ming Tsang, Kai-Ping Chang, Ying Liang, Hsin-Pai Li and Yu-Sun Chang
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:348
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Radiotherapy has a good effect in palliation of painful bone metastases, with a pain response rate of more than 60%. However, shortly after treatment, in approximately 40% of patients a temporary pain flare oc...

    Authors: Paulien G Westhoff, Alexander de Graeff, Jenske I Geerling, Anna KL Reyners and Yvette M van der Linden
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:347
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  37. The evidence base to inform the decision making process in patients with early stage oral cancer and a clinical and radiological N0 neck remains insufficient to answer the question when it is safe to “watch an...

    Authors: Thomas Mücke, David A Mitchell, Stefan Wagenpfeil, Lucas M Ritschl, Klaus-Dietrich Wolff and Anastasios Kanatas
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:346
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Esophageal cancer ranks eighth among frequent cancers worldwide. Our aim was to investigate whether and at which neoplastic stage promoter hypermethylation of CAV1 is involved in human esophageal carcinogenesis.

    Authors: Zhe Jin, Liang Wang, Ziyi Cao, Yulan Cheng, Yan Gao, Xianling Feng, Si Chen, Huimin Yu, Wenjing Wu, Zhenfu Zhao, Ming Dong, Xiaojing Zhang, Jie Liu, Xinmin Fan, Yuriko Mori and Stephen J Meltzer
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:345
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Numerous studies have implicated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as a potential therapeutic target for several human diseases, including estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) positive breast cancer. Aminoflavone (...

    Authors: Ashley M Brinkman, Jiacai Wu, Karen Ersland and Wei Xu
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:344
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Fundamental etiologic differences have been suggested to cause earlier onset of breast cancer in less developed countries (LDCs) than in more developed countries (MDCs). We explored this hypothesis using world...

    Authors: Reza Ghiasvand, Hans-Olov Adami, Iraj Harirchi, Rahim Akrami and Kazem Zendehdel
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:343
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. BRCA1 plays an essential role in maintaining genome stability. Inherited BRCA1 germline mutation (BRCA1+) is a determined genetic predisposition leading to high risk of breast cancer. While BRCA1+ induces breast ...

    Authors: Fengxia Xiao, Yeong C Kim, Carrie Snyder, Hongxiu Wen, Pei Xian Chen, Jiangtao Luo, Dina Becirovic, Bradley Downs, Kenneth H Cowan, Henry Lynch and San Ming Wang
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:342
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Despite the use of modern immunochemotherapy regimens, a significant proportion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients will relapse. We proposed absolute lymphocyte count/absolute monocyte count rat...

    Authors: Yan-Li Li, Kang-Sheng Gu, Yue-Yin Pan, Yang Jiao and Zhi-Min Zhai
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:341
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Polymorphisms of genes encoding the Fcy receptors (Fc fragment of IgG receptor 2A (FCGR2A) and 3A (FCGR3A)), which influence their affinity for the Fc fragment, have been linked to the pharmacodynamics of monoclo...

    Authors: Janne B Kjersem, Eva Skovlund, Tone Ikdahl, Tormod Guren, Christian Kersten, Astrid M Dalsgaard, Mette K Yilmaz, Tone Fokstuen, Kjell M Tveit and Elin H Kure
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:340
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is an aggressive malignancy that arises from B-cells and belongs to the group of Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). Due to the lack of appropriate in vivo models NHL research is mainly performed i...

    Authors: Marcel Klingenberg, Jürgen Becker, Sonja Eberth, Dieter Kube and Jörg Wilting
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:339
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide with limited therapeutic options. Since HCC has been shown to be immunogenic, immunotherapy is considered a promising therapeutic...

    Authors: Tatyana O Kabilova, Larisa V Kovtonyuk, Evgeniy V Zonov, Elena I Ryabchikova, Nelly A Popova, Valeriy P Nikolin, Vasiliy I Kaledin, Marina A Zenkova, Valentin V Vlassov and Elena L Chernolovskaya
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:338
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. The study aimed to examine the association between health-related quality of life (HRQOL) assessed with overall survival (OS) and recurrence after diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC).

    Authors: Carlos KH Wong, Wai-Lun Law, Yuk-Fai Wan, Jensen Tung-Chung Poon and Cindy Lo-Kuen Lam
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:337
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinico-pathologic specific predictors of recurrence for stage II/III disease. Improving recurrence prediction for resected stage II/III colon cancer patients could alter ...

    Authors: Vassiliki L Tsikitis, David W Larson, Marianne Huebner, Christine M Lohse and Patricia A Thompson
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:336
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Regulation of tumor microenvironment is closely involved in the prognosis of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme acting as immune modulator through suppression of T-cell immun...

    Authors: Ji-Young Choe, Ji Yun Yun, Yoon Kyoung Jeon, Se Hoon Kim, Gyeongsin Park, Joo Ryoung Huh, Sohee Oh and Ji Eun Kim
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:335
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Certain markers have been identified over the last 10 years that facilitate the prediction of a patient’s prognosis; these markers have been proposed to be useful for risk stratification of lymphoma patients a...

    Authors: Hao Zhang, Jiyue Gao, Zuowei Zhao, Man Li and Caigang Liu
    Citation: BMC Cancer 2014 14:333
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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