Fig. 2

Blockage VEGFR1 counteracts IFN-γ-mediated PD-L1 upregulation in monocyte-derived macrophages. (a) Typical flow-cytometry results of VEGFR1 surface expression on circulating monocytes from a healthy volunteer or their derived macrophages (n = 5). (b) ΔMFI values of PD-L1 on GBM-educated macrophages (n = 5), treated with VEGFR1 NAb and/or rhIFN-γ. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01. (c) ΔMFI values of PD-L1 on GBM-educated macrophages (n = 5), co-cultured with syngeneic T cells, and treated with VEGFR1 NAb and/or IFN-γ NAb. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01. (d) IFN-γ concentration in the co-culture supernatant containing CD3⁺ T cells and allogeneic GBM-educated macrophages, pre-treated by VEGFR1 NAb and/or IFN-γ NAb (n = 5). * P < 0.05. P values are achieved by t-test. GEMs, GBM-educated macrophages