Characteristics | Training cohort | P | Internal validation cohort | P | External validation cohort | P | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non metastasis | metastasis | Non metastasis | metastasis | Non metastasis | metastasis | |||||
groups | N = 1640 | N = 309 | N = 569 | N = 135 | N = 697 | N = 130 | ||||
Gender (%) | Male | 1105 (67.38) | 201 (65.05) | 0.4636 | 379 (66.61) | 77 (57.04) | 0.0463 | 476 (68.29) | 73 (56.15) | 0.0096 |
Female | 535 (32.62) | 108 (34.95) | 190 (33.39) | 58 (42.96) | 221 (31.71) | 57 (43.85) | ||||
Age (%) | < 50 | 438 (26.71) | 101 (32.69) | 0.037 | 137 (24.08) | 43 (31.85) | 0.0798 | 173 (24.82) | 47 (36.15) | 0.01 |
≥ 50 | 1202 (73.29) | 208 (67.31) | 432 (75.92) | 92 (68.15) | 524 (75.18) | 83 (63.85) | ||||
Smoke (%) | No | 1218 (74.27) | 237 (76.70) | 0.4067 | 439 (77.15) | 104 (77.04) | 1 | 522 (74.89) | 103 (79.23) | 0.3443 |
Yes | 422 (25.73) | 72 (23.30) | 130 (22.85) | 31 (22.96) | 175 (25.11) | 27 (20.77) | ||||
Size (%) | < 20 mm | 389 (23.72) | 13 (4.21) | < 0.0001 | 151 (26.54) | 8 (5.93) | < 0.0001 | 150 (21.52) | 15 (11.54) | 0.0126 |
≥ 20 mm | 1251 (76.28) | 296 (95.79) | 418 (73.46) | 127 (94.07) | 547 (78.48) | 115 (88.46) | ||||
Differentiation (%) | unknown | 926 (56.46) | 166 (53.72) | 0.1003 | 335 (58.88) | 73 (54.07) | 0.4095 | 405 (58.11) | 71 (54.62) | 0.2406 |
Low | 17 (1.04) | 1 (0.32) | 8 (1.41) | 1 (0.74) | 13 (1.87) | 1 (0.77) | ||||
Moderate | 43 (2.62) | 3 (0.97) | 16 (2.81) | 2 (1.48) | 22 (3.16) | 1 (0.77) | ||||
High | 654 (39.88) | 139 (44.98) | 210 (36.91) | 59 (43.70) | 257 (36.87) | 57 (43.85) | ||||
Type (%) | Borrmann I | 384 (23.41) | 31 (10.03) | < 0.0001 | 142 (24.96) | 18 (13.33) | < 0.0001 | 153 (21.95) | 12 (9.23) | < 0.0001 |
Borrmann II | 1055 (64.33) | 181 (58.58) | 355 (62.39) | 75 (55.56) | 447 (64.13) | 84 (64.62) | ||||
Borrmann III | 114 (6.95) | 88 (28.48) | 47 (8.26) | 38 (28.15) | 55 (7.89) | 32 (24.62) | ||||
Borrmann IV | 87 (5.30) | 9 (2.91) | 25 (4.39) | 4 (2.96) | 42 (6.03) | 2 (1.54) | ||||
Location (%) | Upper | 329 (20.06) | 23 (7.44) | < 0.0001 | 125 (21.97) | 11 (8.15) | < 0.0001 | 144 (20.66) | 10 (7.69) | < 0.0001 |
Medium | 464 (28.29) | 142 (45.95) | 132 (23.20) | 63 (46.67) | 174 (24.96) | 53 (40.77) | ||||
Lower | 847 (51.65) | 144 (46.60) | 312 (54.83) | 61 (45.19) | 379 (54.38) | 67 (51.54) | ||||
T stage(%) | unknown | 418 (25.49) | 104 (33.66) | < 0.0001 | 146 (25.66) | 34 (25.19) | < 0.0001 | 178 (25.54) | 33 (25.38) | < 0.0001 |
T1 | 215 (13.11) | 8 (2.59) | 86 (15.11) | 3 (2.22) | 107 (15.35) | 2 (1.54) | ||||
T2 | 329 (20.06) | 23 (7.44) | 119 (20.91) | 15 (11.11) | 126 (18.08) | 8 (6.15) | ||||
T3 | 678 (41.34) | 174 (56.31) | 218 (38.31) | 83 (61.48) | 286 (41.03) | 87 (66.92) | ||||
CEA (%) | Negative | 1365 (83.23) | 206 (66.67) | < 0.0001 | 456 (80.14) | 87 (64.44) | 0.0002 | 569 (81.64) | 78 (60.00) | < 0.0001 |
Positive | 275 (16.77) | 103 (33.33) | 113 (19.86) | 48 (35.56) | 128 (18.36) | 52 (40.00) | ||||
CA19-9 (%) | Negative | 1279 (77.99) | 200 (64.72) | < 0.0001 | 439 (77.15) | 74 (54.81) | < 0.0001 | 547 (78.48) | 72 (55.38) | < 0.0001 |
Positive | 361 (22.01) | 109 (35.28) | 130 (22.85) | 61 (45.19) | 150 (21.52) | 58 (44.62) | ||||
CA72-4 (%) | Negative | 1230 (75.00) | 157 (50.81) | < 0.0001 | 453 (79.61) | 62 (45.93) | < 0.0001 | 524 (75.18) | 66 (50.77) | < 0.0001 |
Positive | 410 (25.00) | 152 (49.19) | 116 (20.39) | 73 (54.07) | 173 (24.82) | 64 (49.23) |