Table 2 HPV found in penile cancer cases and controls, p-values calculated with Chi-squared tests and binary logistic regression with crude odds ratios and 95% confidence interval

Any HPV type

38.5 (52/135)

30.3 (40/132)

11.4 (12/105)

< 0.001

4.9 (2.4–9.7)

High risk HPV type

35.6 (48/135)

25.8 (34/132)

4.8 (5/105)

< 0.001^a

16.8 (3.6–78.0)

Low risk HPV only

3.0 (4/135)

4.5 (6/132)

6.7 (7/105)

< 0.001^a

0.06 (0.01–0.3)

HPV16

27.4 (37/135)

17.4 (23/132)

1.0 (1/105)

< 0.001^a

27.1 (3.2–229.1)

Multiple HPV types

3.7 (5/135)

5.3 (7/132)

1.0 (1/105)

1.0^a

1.2 (0.1–11.0)