Table 2 Overall smoking status, types of tobacco, and the risk of gastric cancer mortality in Northern Vietnam among 25,619 participants for over 12 years-following-up, 2008–2019

Overall smoking status

 Never smoker

215,223.6

35

1.00

1.00

 Ever smoker

99,769.2

45

2.80 (1.80–4.36)

 < 0.001

2.43 (1.35–4.36)

0.003

Smoking status at baseline

 Never smoker

215,223.6

35

1.00

1.00

 Former cigarette

20,270.7

7

2.15 (0.95–4.83)

0.065

1.35 (0.55–3.32)

0.510

 Current cigarette

44,406.9

15

2.13 (1.17–3.91)

0.014

2.36 (1.14–4.87)

0.020

 Former waterpipe

4,475.5

3

3.99 (1.23–12.97)

0.021

2.10 (0.61–7.23)

0.241

 Current waterpipe

30,616.2

20

4.00 (2.31–6.93)

 < 0.001

3.62 (1.85–7.07)

 < 0.001

By types of tobacco (missing 1 case)

 Never smoker

215,223.6

35

1.00

1.00

 Mixed smoking of both waterpipe & cigarette

28,948.3

10

2.12 (1.05–4.28)

0.036

1.99 (0.89–4.63)

0.095

 Exclusive waterpipe

33,932.7

22

3.96 (2.32–6.74)

 < 0.001

3.22 (1.67–6.21)

 < 0.001

 Exclusive cigarette

33,458.6

12

2.30 (1.19–4.43)

0.013

1.90 (0.88–4.07)

0.100