Fig. 1

Histological findings of tumor budding and tumor-associated immune cell status (TAICs). a Renal pelvic cancer and b ureteral cancer showing evidence of tumor budding, which is defined as a single cancer cell or clusters of less than five cancer cells (arrow heads). Panels (c–f) exhibiting TAICs: c none, grade 0; d patchy infiltration, grade 1; e band-like infiltration, grade 2; and f prominent with intratumoral infiltration. Hematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification × 200 for (a) and (b); and × 200 for (c), (d), (e), and (f)