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Table 1 Overview of prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of HCC

From: Prognostic models for outcome prediction in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated by systemic therapy: a systematic review and critical appraisal

Author,year

Model

Country

Intervention

Validation type

Sample size(N)

Outcome

Predictors

AUC

(95%CI)

Discrimination plot

Calibration plot

Adhoute X, 2016

[33]

NIACE

France

Surgery, TACE, Sorafenib

IV,EV

161

OS

the number of nodules, the infiltrating nature of the HCC, AFP, CP, ECOG PS

0.784

Absent

Absent

Berhane S, 2019

[17]

PROSASH

UK

sorafenib

IV

588

OS

vascular invasion, age, ECOG PS, AFP, albumin, creatinine, AST, extra hepatic spread and aetiology

0.72 to 0.70

Absent

Present

Chan SL, 2019

[34]

ILIS

Hong Kong

Newcastle

sorafenib

IV,EV

627

OS

albumin, Bilirubin,

alkaline phosphatase, Neutrophil, AFP

/

Absent

Absent

Choi GH, 2014

[35]

SPSM

US

sorafenib

IV,EV

356

OS

CP, AFP, tumor morphology, vascular invasion, extrahepatic involvement

0.809

(0.765–0.868)

Present

Present

Conroy G, 2017

[36]

IBSs-SII

France

sorafenib

/

161

OS

AST, BMI, SII, CP-B, macroscopic vascular invasion

/

Absent

Absent

Di Costanzo GG,2015

[37]

3-GPI

Italy

sorafenib

IV,EV

226

OS

AFP, bilirubin, ALT

/

Absent

Absent

Di Costanzo GG, 2017

[38]

OTE

Italy

sorafenib

IV

279

OS

Skin toxicity, diarrhoea,

arterial hypertension

0.715

(0.645–0.785)

Present

Absent

Diaz-Beveridge R, 2017

[39]

La Fa

Spain

sorafenib

IV

145

OS

ECOG PS, CP score, early onset diarrhoea, bNLR

0.69

Absent

Absent

Edeline J, 2017

[40]

SAP

France, UK

sorafenib

IV,EV

370

OS

ECOG PS, AFP, tumour size, bilirubin, albumin

0.732

(0.669–0.789)

Absent

Absent

Ha Y, 2020

[41]

LMR-N

Korea, US

sorafenib

/

297

OS

LMR, treatment location, previous treatment, PS, AFP, lymph node metastasis, CP score

0.71

(0.67–0.75)

Absent

Absent

Howell J, 2017

[42]

RD-CLIP

Japan, Italy and UK

sorafenib

/

442

OS

CLIP score, RDW, treatment-related diarrhoea

0.808

(0.734–0.882)

Absent

Absent

Kim HY,2018

[43]

NBBM

Korea

sorafenib

IV

124

OS

etiology, platelet count, BCLC, PIVKA- II, HGF, FGF

0.825

(0.734–0.915)

Present

Absent

Kinoshita A,2013

[44]

GPS

Japan

TACE, TAI, systemic chemotherapy,

sorafenib or BSC

/

150

OS

AST, total bilirubin,

decreased albumin, AFP, larger tumor diameter, tumor number,

vascular invasion, extra hepatic metastasis, CP, CLIP

0.897

(0.699–0.876)

Present

Absent

Labeur TA,2020

[18]

PROSASH-II

Bordeaux, France, Germany, Amsterdam, Rotterdam

sorafenib

IV,EV

615

OS

the serum albumin, bilirubin, AFP, macrovascular invasion, extrahepatic spread, largest tumour size

0.63

(0.60–0.66)

Absent

Absent

Lee HW,2017

[45]

NEXT

Korea

sorafenib

IV,EV

272

OS

ECOG PS, CP score, serum sodium, AFP

0.809

(0.758–0.860)

Present

Absent

Nakanishi H,2016

[46]

BCP

Japan

sorafenib

/

165

OS

CRP, albumin, AFP, lack of major vascular invasion

/

Absent

Absent

Pan QZ,2015

[47]

ACIKCI-N

China

adjuvant CIK cell immunotherapy

IV

1031

OS

tumor size, tumor capsule, pathological grades, total bilirubin, albumin, PT, AFP, tumor number

0.698

(0.677–0.719)

Present

Present

Qin S,2017

[48]

FOLFOX4-N

mainland

China, Taiwan, Korea, and Thailand

FOLFOX 4

IV

184

OS

age, maximum tumor diameter, lymph node status, AST, TBIL, AFP

0.75

(0.71–0.80)

Absent

Present

Sprinzl MF,2018

[49]

GPS-EP

Germany

sorafenib

IV

120

OS

ECOG PS, PVTT, GPS

0.826

(0.746–0.907)

Present

Absent

Takeda H,2015

[19]

JRC

Japan

sorafenib

IV

270

OS

distant metastases, PVTT, intrahepatic tumor burden, AFP, des-γ-carboxyprothrombin, albumin, total bilirubin

0.755

(0.707–0.803)

Absent

Absent

Tang C,2020

[50]

9-MRG

TCGAICGC

sorafenib

EV

374

OS

RRM2, DTYMK, LPCAT1, LCAT, TXNRD1, G6PD, PTGES, ENTPD2, UCK2

0.797

Present

Present

Yoo JJ,2017

[20]

SCHCC

Korea

sorafenib

IV

612

OS

CP, AFP, tumor type, extrahepatic metastasis, PVTT

0.818

Absent

Absent

Yuan J,2017

[51]

PBNC-N

China

sorafenib

/

464

OS

HBsAg, neutrophil count, thrombus, metastasis, tumor size

0.79

Present

Present

Liu T,2020

[52]

7-IRGBM

TCGA, ICGC

/

IV,EV

374

OS

BIRC5, FOS, DKK1, FGF13, IL11, IL17D, SPP1

0.778

Present

Absent

Huo J,2020

[53]

IGPPM

TCGA, ICGC

/

IV,EV

374

OS

45 immune-gene pairs with general applicability

0.899

Present

Absent

Xu D,2020

[54]

8-IPSHCC

TCGA, ICGC

/

IV,EV

423

OS

CKLF, IL12A, CCL20, PRELID1, FYN, GLMN, ACVR2A, CD7

0.79

Present

Absent

Wang WJ,2020

[55]

10-IRGPM

China, TCGA

/

IV,EV

374

OS

BIRC5, CSPG5, IL-11, FABP6, FIGNL2, GAL, IL17D, MAPT, SPP1, STC2

0.818

Present

Absent

Wang Z,2020

[56]

9-NIRPM

TCGA,ICGC

/

IV,EV

337

OS

ANGPT1, MAPT, DCK, SEMA3F, IL17D, HSPA4, RBP2, NDRG1, OSGIN1

0.811

Present

Absent

  1. IV Internal validation, EV External validation, OS Overall survival, HCC Hepatocellular carcinoma, AFP Alpha-fetoprotein, CP Child Pugh score, ECOG PS Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score standard, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, BMI Body mass index, SII Systemic immune inflammation index, NLR Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, LMR Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio, CLIP Cancer of Liver Italian Program, RDW Red cell distribution width, PIVKA- II Protein Induced by Vitamin K Absence or Antagonist-II, HGF Hepatocyte growth factor, FGF Fibroblast growth factor, CRP C-reactive protein, PT Prothrombin time, PVTT Portal vein tumor thrombus, NIACE the number of nodules, the infiltrating nature of the HCC, α-fetoprotein serum level, Child–Pugh score, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status grade, PROSASH PRediction Of Survival in Advanced Sorafenib-treated HCC, ILIS the Integrated Liver Inflammatory Score, SPSM Sorafenib-treated Prognostic Scoring Models, IBSs-SII Inflammation-based scores- systemic immune-inflammation index, 3-GPI a 3-group prognostic index, OTE Off-target effects, SAP Sorafenib Advanced HCC Prognosis, LMR-N Lymphocyte to monocyte ratio-nomogram, RD-CLIP baseline Red cell distribution width-Cancer of Liver Italian Program, NBBM Novel biomarker-based model, GPS The Glasgow Prognostic Score, PROSASH-II PRediction Of Survival in Advanced Sorafenib-treated HCC-II, NEXT Survival after Stopping Nexavar Treatment, BCP the Baseline C-reactive protein Prognostic, ACIKCI-N Adjuvant Cytokine-Induced Killer Cell Immunotherapy-nomogram, FOLFOX4-N FOLFOX4-nomogram, GPS-EP portal thrombosis and GPS within an extended score, JRC Proposal of Japan Red Cross score, 9-MRG Nine metabolism-related genes, SCHCC Sub-classification of Advanced-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma, PBNC-N Peripheral blood neutrophil count-nomogram, 7-IRGBM Seven Immune-Related genes-based model, IGPPM ImmuneGene Pairs Prognostic Model, 8-IPSHCC a Novel 8 Immune Gene Prognostic Signature, 10-IRGPM Ten Immune-Related Genes Prognostic Model, 9-NIRPM a novel 9 immune-related prognostic model