Table 2 Immunohistochemical studies of CXCR4 expression in thyroid carcinomas
Study | Samples (n) | Entities tested | Type of antibody | Positivity (%) | Type of staining | Correlations with clinical data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Castellone et al. 2004 [24] | 19 | PTC | mouse monoclonal, clone 12G5 (R&D) | 89.5% | n/s | – |
De Falco et al. 2007 [25] | 33 | ATC | mouse monoclonal, clone 12G5 (R&D) | 39% | n/s | – |
Wagner et al. 2008 [26] | 65 (TMA) | PTC | mouse monoclonal, clone 12G5 (R&D) | n/s | cytoplasm | positive correlation with tumour size |
Yasuoka et al. 2008 [27] | 56 | PTC | rabbit polyclonal (Abcam) | 60.7% | cytoplasm | higher in patients with lymph node MTS |
Gonzalez et al. 2009 [28] | 30 | PTC | mouse monoclonal, MAB173 (R&D) | 90% | cytoplasm | higher in patients with lymph node MTS |
He et al. 2010 [29] | 50 | 16 PTC, 18 FTC, 7 MTC, 9 ATC | mouse monoclonal, clone 4G10 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) | PTC: 68.8%, FTC: 66.7%, MTC: 85.7%, ATC: 100% | mainly nuclear | positive correlation with malignant degree of tumour |
Torregrossa et al. 2012 [30] | 200 | PTC | rabbit polyclonal, ab2047 (Abcam) | 80% | cytoplasm | positive correlation with infiltration and BRAF status |
Wang et al. 2013 [31] | 129 | PTC | rabbit polyclonal, ab7199 (Abcam) | 97.7%, high expression in 55% | cell membrane and cytoplasm | higher in patients with lymph node MTS |
Zhu et al. 2016 [32] | 70 (TMA) | 40 PTC, 10 FTC, 10 MTC, 10 ATC | mouse monoclonal (Abcam) | PTC: 62.5%, FTC: 30%, MTC: 40%, ATC: 40% | cytoplasm | no difference between PTC with and without lymph node MTS |
Werner et al. 2017 [33] | 86 (TMA) | MTC | mouse monoclonal (Abcam) | n/s (nearly all stained) | cytoplasm | positive correlation with patient age, tumour size, advanced stage and presence of lymph node or distant MTS; higher in lymph node MTS than in PT |
Werner et al. 2018 [34] | 44 + 10 MTS (TMA) | FTC | mouse monoclonal (Abcam) | n/s (nearly all stained) | cytoplasm | positive correlation with tumour size, advanced stage; negative correlation with overall and recurrence free survival; higher in distant MTS than in PT |
Sirakriengkrai et al. 2020 [35] | 74 | PTC | mouse monoclonal, MAB172 (R&D) | n/s | nuclear | positive correlation with tumour size |
Cao et al. 2021 [36] | 115 | PTC | mouse monoclonal (Abcam) | 46.09% low, 53.91% high expression | cytoplasm | trend towards higher expression with age, positive association with capsule invasion, regional MTS and multifocality |
Djafar et al. 2021 [37] | 43 | PTC | mouse monoclonal, clone 4G10 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) | 90.7% | cell membrane and cytoplasm | higher in patients with lymph node MTS |