Table 3 The results of the multivariate subdistribution hazards model on CSD before and after PSM

 Lobectomy

Reference

Reference

 Sub-lobectomy

1.27

1.08–1.51

0.004

1.26

1.02–1.56

0.034

Age

1.02

1.01–1.03

< 0.001

1.02

1–1.03

0.007

 Female

Reference

Reference

 Male

1.16

1.03–1.32

0.016

1.21

0.97–1.5

0.091

 White

Reference

Reference

 Non-White

0.94

0.81–1.1

0.451

0.86

0.64–1.17

0.350

 Married

Reference

Reference

 Unmarried

1

0.88–1.13

0.992

1.06

0.85–1.32

0.601

 I

Reference

Reference

 II

1.43

1.09–1.87

0.011

1.28

0.79–2.07

0.311

 III

1.71

1.3–2.25

< 0.001

1.75

1.08–2.83

0.023

 IV

2.52

1.5–4.26

0.001

3.29

1.32–8.21

0.011

 T2

Reference

Reference

 T3

1.15

0.96–1.39

0.131

1.3

0.9–1.88

0.170

 T4

1.14

0.86–1.5

0.362

1.21

0.78–1.89

0.394

 N0

Reference

Reference

 N1

1.56

1.31–1.87

< 0.001

1.53

0.93–2.51

0.093

 N2

2.07

1.75–2.45

< 0.001

1.85

1.36–2.52

< 0.001

 N3

1.61

0.74–3.5

0.230

3.37

1.99–5.71

< 0.001

 M0

Reference

Reference

 M1

2.3

1.79–2.95

< 0.001

2.48

1.71–3.59

< 0.001

 Adenocarcinoma

Reference

Reference

 Others

1.42

0.93–2.15

0.101

1.68

0.75–3.74

0.216

 Squamous cell carcinoma

0.97

0.83–1.13

0.721

1.01

0.78–1.31

0.953

 PL-1

Reference

Reference

 PL-2

1.11

0.97–1.27

0.140

1.25

0.98–1.6

0.078

 PL-3

1.57

1.28–1.92

< 0.001

1.37

0.91–2.06

0.131

 Lower lobe

Reference

Reference

 Others

1.05

0.82–1.34

0.701

1

0.65–1.54

0.991

 Upper lobe

0.89

0.78–1.02

0.089

1

0.79–1.28

0.988

 Left

Reference

Reference

 Right

0.86

0.76–0.97

0.017

0.87

0.7–1.09

0.233

Tumor size

1.07

1.03–1.11

< 0.001

1.01

0.96–1.06

0.757

 None

Reference

Reference

 Radiotherapy

1.35

1.15–1.58

< 0.001

1.55

1.19–2.03

0.001

 None

Reference

Reference

 Chemotherapy

0.88

0.75–1.02

0.098

0.81

0.6–1.09

0.176