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Table 1 Comparison of demographic and clinicopathological characteristics between the training/ validation and test cohorts

From: Development and validation of a gradient boosting machine to predict prognosis after liver resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Characteristics

Training/validation

(n = 401)

Test

(n = 649)

P-value

Age, years

60.0 (51.0–66.0)

63.0 (55.0–70.0)

 < 0.001

Gender

  

 < 0.001

  Female

157 (39.2)

333 (51.3)

 

  Male

244 (60.8)

316 (48.1)

 

Tumor size, cm

5.5 (3.7–7.5)

5.5 (3.5–8.0)

0.605

Tumor number

  

 < 0.001

  Single

303 (75.6)

402 (61.9)

 

  Multiple

98 (24.4)

140 (21.6)

 

  Unknown

0 (0.0)

107 (16.5)

 

Vascular invasion

  

 < 0.001

  Negative

269 (67.1)

316 (48.7)

 

  Microvascular

49 (12.2)

158 (24.3)

 

  Macrovascular

83 (20.7)

55 (8.5)

 

  Unknown

0 (0.0)

120 (18.5)

 

Regional LNM

  

0.819

  Absent

323 (80.5)

519 (80.0)

 

  Present

78 (19.5)

130 (20.0)

 

Number of regional LNM

  

0.174

  0

323 (80.5)

519 (80.0)

 

  1–2

48 (12.0)

96 (14.8)

 

   ≥ 3

30 (7.5)

34 (5.2)

 

Histological grade

  

 < 0.001

  Well to moderate

144 (35.9)

372 (57.3)

 

  Poorly to undifferentiated

257 (64.1)

194 (29.9)

 

  Unknown

0 (0.0)

83 (12.8)

 

Visceral peritoneum invasion

  

0.268

  No

344 (85.8)

572 (88.1)

 

  Yes

57 (14.2)

77 (11.9)

 

Direct invasion of adjacent organ

  

0.579

  No

363 (90.5)

594 (91.5)

 

  Yes

38 (9.5)

55 (8.5)

 

Fibrosis score

  

 < 0.001

  None to moderate fibrosis

269 (67.1)

118 (18.2)

 

  Severe fibrosis or cirrhosis

132 (32.9)

31 (4.8)

 

  Unknown

0 (0.0)

500 (77.0)

 

Type of surgery

  

 < 0.001

  Wedge or segmental resection

209 (52.1)

213 (32.8)

 

  Lobectomy

53 (13.2)

241 (37.1)

 

  Extended lobectomy

117 (29.2)

96 (14.8)

 

  Extrahepatic bile duct resection

22 (5.5)

99 (15.3)

 

Median CSS time, monthsa

29.6 (25.9–39.2)

39.0 (35.0–44.0)

0.011

  1. Continuous variables reported as median (interquartile range) and categorical variables reported as number (percentage)
  2. Abbreviations: LNM lymph node metastasis, CSS cancer-specific survival
  3. P value calculated by log-rank test
  4. aNumbers in parentheses are 95% confidence interval