Table 2 Reporting of the principles of exercise training, FITT prescription components and adherence

  Arbane 2011 [34]

↑ Leg strength (inpatient only)

  Backman 2014 [35]

None

  Capozzi 2016 [36]

None

  Christensen 2014 [37]

None

  Grote 2018 [38]

None

  Hammer 2020 [39]

None

  Kamel 2020 [40]

↑ 6 m walk test, 400 m walk test, chair rise test, isokinetic knee ext./elbow flex/ext., isometric knee ext./elbow flex/ext., LBM ↓ %BF

  Lin 2014 [41]

None

  Moller 2015 [42]

↑ VO₂peak

  Mustian 2009 [43]

↓ Fatigue*

  Rogers 2013 [44]

None

  Samuel 2013 [45]

↑ 6MWT*

  Samuel 2019 [46]

↑ 6MWT*

  Sandmael 2017 [47]

None

  Stuecher 2019 [48]

↑ SPPB, postural stability, LBM

  VanVulpen 2016 [49]

↓ Fatigue*

  Vigario 2011 [50]

None

  Xu 2015 [51]

↑ BW*, 6MWT*, HGS

  Yen 2019 [52]

↑ 6MWT*, BPR/HRR ↓ HR/BP/MAP/RPP/RPE

  Zhao 2016 [53]

↑ Knee ext

  Courneya 2003 [54]

None

  DeNysschen 2011 [55]

None

  Donnelly 2011 [24]

↓ Fatigue*

  Edvardsen 2015 [56]

↑VO₂peak*, leg press 1RM, stair climb, 30s sit-to-stand, BMI, total muscle mass, Tlco

  Granger 2013 [57]

↑, 6MWT

  Hoffman 2017 [58]

↑ 6MWT

  Kaibori 2013 [59]

↑ VO₂peak/AT VO₂, platelet count test, branched-chain amino acid/tyrosine ratio (high frequency subgroup) ↓ BW, FM, insulin, insulin resistance

  Onerup 2020 [60]

None

  Quist 2018 (EE) [61]

↑ VO₂peak* (26 wks), ↑ 6MWT (14 wks) ↑ FEV1 (14, 26, 52 wks)

  Quist 2018 (LE) [61]

↑ 6MWT ↑ FEV1 (26 wks)

  Salhi 2015 [62]

↑ 6MWT*

  Sommer 2016 (EE) [63]

None

  Sommer 2016 (LE) [63]

None

  Stigt 2013 [64]

↑ 6MWT

  Adams 2017 [65]

↑ VO₂peak *, HRR, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, carotid distensibility, brachial diameter, velocity time integral ↓ HR, DBP, carotid intima-media thickness, carotid-femoral PWV, femoral-toe PWV, CRP, LDL

  Arbane 2014 [66]

↑ Leg strength (subgroup)

  Bourke 2011 [67]

↑ Aer capacity, 30s sit-to-stand

  Brocki 2014 [68]

None

  Brown 2017 (high dose) [69]

↑ BMD, 6MWT ↓ Visceral adipose tissue, WC, sICAM-1

  Brown 2017 (low dose) [69]

↑ BMD, 6MWT ↓ Insulin resistance, sICAM-1

  Cavalheri 2017 [70]

↑VO₂peak*, 6MWT

  Chang 2020 [71]

↑ VO₂peak, 6MWT, albumin

  Christensen 2019 [72]

↓ Glucose AUC, FM

↑ Matsuda

index,

  Crawford 2017 [73]

↑ 6MWT, 30s sit-to-stand, arm curl test, HGS, 8 ft. up-and-go, sit-and-reach

  Devin 2016 (HIE) [74]

↑ VO₂peak, PPO ↓ BW

  Devin 2016 (MIE) [74]

None

  Devin 2018 (HIIE) [75]

↑ VO₂peak ↓ FM

  Devin 2018 (HIIE-T) [75]

↑ VO₂peak

  Devin 2018 (MICE) [75]

None

  Gehring 2018 [76]

None

  Hausmann 2018 [77]

↑ VO₂peak

  Lee 2013 [78]

None

  Lee 2017 [79]

↓ Insulin*, TNF-α, ↑ 30s sit-to-stand, push-up, HGS

  Lee 2018 [80]

↑ PA levels*, step test, push-up test

  Lønbro 2013 (EE) [81]

↑ LBM, isometric knee ext., isokinetic knee flex (wk 12)

  Lønbro 2013 (DE) [81]

↑ LBM, isometric knee ext./flex, isokinetic knee ext./flex, sit-to-stand, arm curl (wk 24)

  Martin 2015 (HIG) [82]

↑ VO₂peak

  Martin 2015 (LIG) [82]

↑ VO₂peak

  Mascherini 2020 [83]

↑ 6MWT, 30s sit-to-stand, sit and reach ↓ BW, BMI, HC

  McNeely 2008 [84]

↓ Pain & disability* ↑ Chest press/seated row 1RM

  Messaggi-Sartor 2019 [85]

↑ VO₂ peak ↑ peak ventilation, max inspiratory pressure, max expiratory pressure, IGFBP-3

  Meyerhardt 2020 [86]

↓ Insulin*, hs-CRP, IL6, insulin resistance, BW, BMI, WC

  Nuri 2016 [87]

↑ Ghrelin*, estimated VO₂peak ↓ %BF

  Pinto 2013 [88]

↑ PA levels*, estimated VO₂peak*

  Porserud 2014 [89]

↑ 6MWT*

  Rossi 2016 [90]

↑ 6MWT ↓ WC

  Alibhai 2015 [91]

↑ 6MWT, HGS, 10-chair stand test

  Baumann 2010 [92]

↑ Aer capacity (W, min)*, knee ext.*, QoL*, IVC, FVC

  Baumann 2011 [93]

↑ Aer capacity (W/kg)*

  Bryant 2018 [94]

None

  Coleman 2003 [95]

↑ LBM

  Coleman 2012 [96]

None

  Duregon 2019 [97]

None

  Jarden 2009 [98]

↑ Chest press/leg ext. 1RM, isometric knee ext

  Larsen 2019 [99]

None

 Oechsle 2014 [100]

↑ estimated VO₂, VE

  Santa-Mina 2020 [101]

None

  Streckmann 2014 [102]

↑ QoL*, peripheral deep sensitivity, balance control on static/dynamic surface & with perturbation

  Wehrle 2019 (AER) [103]

None

  Wehrle 2019 (RET) [103]

↑ Knee ext./flex

  Courneya 2009 [25]

↑ QoL*, VO₂peak, LBM ↓ %BF

  Koutoukidis 2020 [104]

↑ Leg ext

  Mello 2003 [105]

↑ Hip flex*

  Wiskemann 2011 [106]

↑ 6MWT, lower body strength ↓ Total mortality (after discharge)

  Alibhai 2014 [107]

None

  Furzer 2016 [108]

↓ Fatigue* ↑ Aer capacity (W/kg), chest/arms/legs/total strength 1RM, %BF, LBM, BMD

  Hacker 2011 [109]

None

  Hacker 2017 [110]

↑ Timed stair climb, TUG

  Jarden 2013 [111]

↑ 6MWT*, estimated VO₂peak, 30s sit-to-stand, arm curl test

  Knols 2011 [112]

↑ 6MWT*, knee ext.*

  Persoon 2017 [113]

None

  Shelton 2009 (Sup) [114]

None

  Shelton 2009 (HB) [114]

None

  Adamsen 2009 [26]

↓ Fatigue* ↑ estimated VO₂peak, leg press/chest press/pull down 1RM

  Arrieta 2019 [115]

↑ SPPB* (breast cancer, female, normal nutritional status subgroups only)

  Griffith 2009 [116]

↑ VO₂peak (prostate vs non-prostate)

  Marechal 2019 [117]

↑ Sit-to-stand, global physical capacity score

  Peterson 2018 [118]

None

  Sturm 2014 [119]

↑ 6MWT ↓ Fatigue*

  Wenzel 2013 [120]

↓ Sleep quality* ↑ Vigour

  Courneya 2003 [121]

↑ QoL* ↓ %BF

  Courneya 2008 [122]

↑ VO₂peak, PPO, VT

  Irwin 2017 [123]

↑ 6MWT

  Mayo 2014 [124]

None

  Schuler 2017 (Sup + HB) [125]

None

  Schuler 2017 (HB) [125]

None

  Schwartz 2009 (AER) [126]

↓ Weight gain*, %BF* ↑ 12MWT, overhead press/seated row/leg press 1RM

  Schwartz 2009 (RET) [126]

None

  Broderick 2013 [127]

None

  Burnham 2002 [128]

↑ VO₂peak, flexibility ↓ %BF

  Jones 2014 [129]

↑ Cardiovascular mortality/hospitalization

  Kampshoff 2015 (HI) [130]

↑ VO₂peak *, PPO*, VT* (HI/LMI) ↓ Fatigue*

  Kampshoff 2015 (LMI) [130]

None

  Kneis 2019 (AER) [131]

↑ Jump height/P_{max_jump,} vibration sense

  Kneis 2019 (AER + balance) [131]

↑ MS_EOunstable duration, patella vibration ↓ ST_EO

  Knobf 2017 [132]

↑ Aer capacity, HRR ↔ Insulin

  LaStayo 2011 [133]

↑ Muscle CSA, 6MWT, stair descent

  Midtgaard 2013 [134]

↑ PA levels*, VO₂peak*, leg press/chest press 1RM

  Pisu 2017 [135]

None

  Thorsen 2005 [136]

↑ VO₂peak*

  Toohey 2016 (LVHIIT) [137]

↑ 6MWT

  Toohey 2016 (CLMIT) [137]

None