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Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Participants

From: Antihypertensive treatments and risks of lung Cancer: a large population-based cohort study in Hong Kong

 

Anti-hypertensives

(n = 238,073)

Aspirin + Anti-hypertensives

(n = 182,663)

Aspirin

(n = 8618)

Control

(n = 173,582)

Age

  < 50

4951 (2.1%)

10,663 (5.8%)

1973 (22.9%)

41,084 (23.7%)

 50–64

41,449 (17.4%)

44,771 (24.5%)

2119 (24.6%)

50,773 (29.3%)

 65–79

131,267 (55.1%)

95,206 (52.1%)

2785 (32.3%)

61,588 (35.5%)

  > =80

60,406 (25.4%)

32,023 (17.5%)

1741 (20.2%)

20,137 (11.6%)

Sex

 Male

122,634 (51.5%)

98,878 (54.1%)

4130 (47.9%)

92,703 (53.4%)

 Female

115,439 (48.5%)

83,785 (45.9%)

4488 (52.1%)

80,879 (46.4%)

Use of anti-hypertensives

 ACEi/ARB only

4986 (2.1%)

2140 (1.2%)

NA

NA

α-blocker only

11,297 (4.7%)

1041 (0.6%)

NA

NA

β-blocker only

7085 (3.0%)

5980 (3.3%)

NA

NA

 CCB only

22,925 (9.6%)

4816 (2.6%)

NA

NA

 Combined treatment

184,725 (77.6%)

166,754 (91.3%)

NA

NA

Mean Duration

 Aspirin

NA

8.0 years

5.5 years

NA

 Anti-hypertensives

7.0 years

8.7 years

NA

NA

 ACEi/ARB

4.9 years

5.8 years

NA

NA

α-blocker

5.0 years

4.9 years

NA

NA

β-blocker

5.4 years

7.0 years

NA

NA

 CCB

4.7 years

5.7 years

NA

NA

Other Medication Use

 H2 blocker

142,158 (59.7%)

144,348 (79.0%)

5754 (66.8%)

65,753 (37.9%)

 Statin

48,447 (20.3%)

98,280 (53.8%)

2255 (26.2%)

4699 (2.7%)

 NSAID

130,894 (54.9%)

93,200 (51.0%)

3965 (46.0%)

73,799 (42.5%)

 Anti-coagulant

13,483 (5.7%)

59,129 (32.4%)

720 (8.4%)

2543 (1.5%)

 Anti-platelet

4906 (2.1%)

56,305 (30.8%)

1024 (11.9%)

600 (0.3%)

 PPI

63,488 (26.7%)

87,100 (47.7%)

2383 (27.7%)

22,436 (12.9%)

Disease Diagnosis

 IHD

8899 (3.7%)

89,185 (48.8%)

1074 (12.5%)

1809 (1.0%)

 Stroke

8506 (3.6%)

52,101 (28.5%)

2332 (27.1%)

1271 (0.7%)

 IHD or Stroke

16,569 (7.0%)

121,862 (66.7%)

3250 (37.7%)

3024 (1.7%)

 Diabetes mellitus

67,914 (28.5%)

73,784 (40.4%)

1230 (14.3%)

8551 (4.9%)

No. of Lung Cancer

6592 (2.8%)

4470 (2.4%)

216 (2.5%)

6407 (3.7%)

No. of Death

74,424 (31.3%)

84,116 (46.0%)

3253 (37.7%)

36,564 (21.1%)

Duration of Follow-up#

91 months (47.5)

115 months (46.6)

105 months (51.6)

142 months (49.3)

  1. Note: # mean and standard deviation (SD)
  2. Abbreviations: ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; H2, histamine-2 receptor; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PPI, proton-pump inhibitor; IHD, ischemic heart disease; NA, not applicable