Table 2 Univariate results of potential risk and beneficial factors for functional disabilities, prolonged pain, and decreased abduction and flexion ROM, 6 months postoperatively

 Tum. size (cm)

1.4

0.8

.046*

1.0

0.9

.880

0.9

0.9

.359

 Tissue excised (cc³)

404.0

341.0

.372

487.8

317.6

.090

520.6

389.6

.035*

 Mastectomy

55.6%

32.6%

.159

46.9%

25.3%

.006*

42.2%

30.5%

.134

 Reconstruction

55.6%

33.3%

.030*

45.3%

25.3%

.011*

39.0%

31.6%

.347

 Lymph node no.

3.2

2.9

.115

3.7

2.4

.002*

3.4

2.6

.027*

 Hospital pain

1.2

0.5

.006*

0.9

0.3

< .001*

0.7

0.5

.078

 Daily drain (cc)

31.1

20.1

.268

32.2

12.7

< .001*

23.3

19.9

.364

 Neoadjuvant T

11.1%

22.0%

.440

28.1%

16.9%

.101

27.1%

18.9%

.235

 Adjuvant T

33.3%

37.6%

.798

46.9%

32.5%

.077

42.4%

35.8%

.414

 Radiation T

88.9%

59.6%

.080

62.5%

60.2%

.780

72.9%

53.7%

.018*

 IORT

11.1%

7.9%

.733

3.2%

9.6%

.132

3.5%

10.5%

.120

 Pre-OP function

7.6

3.5

.617

3.8

3.2

.637

4.7

3.1

.720

 Pre-OP pain

0.3

0.2

.272

0.3

0.01

.025*

0.2

0.1

.214

 Lymphedema

22.2%

9.2%

.210

21.9%

1.2%

< .001*

13.6%

8.0%

.211

 AWS

0

10.9%

.297

20.6%

3.6%

< .001*

10.3%

10.8%

.937

 Physical activity

33.3%

70.3%

.021*

62.5%

73.5%

.154

61.1%

74.1%

.081

 Physical therapy

22.2%

47.4%

.143

35.9%

56.6%

.013*

41.7%

49.4%

.332