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Table 1 The main characteristics of the cases and controls

From: A case-control study of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets, colorectal cancer and adenomas among Iranian population

Variables

Controls (n = 240)

Cancers (n = 129)

Adenomas (n = 130)

P-value£

P-value†

Age (years)

56 (50–61.75)

59 (49.25–64)

58 (51–64)

‡

‡

Gender (male)

133 (55.4)

66 (51.2)

59 (45.4)

‡

‡

BMI (kg/m2)

26.53 (24.10–29.40)

25.70 (23.08–29.74)

26.79 (23.86–29.40)

0.23

0.95

Smoking (yes)

42 (17.5)

26 (20.2)

27 (20.8)

0.53

0.11

Comorbidities (yes) ¥

38 (15.8)

17 (13.2)

48 (36.9)

0.84

0.002**

Diabetes (yes)

20 (8.3)

12 (9.3)

12 (9.2)

0.75

0.77

Hypertension (yes)

13 (5.4)

4 (3.1)

23 (17.7)

0.34

0.01**

Coronary Heart diseases (yes)

5 (2.1)

1 (0.8)

13 (10.0)

0.31

0.00**

Family history of cancer in first degree (yes)

89 (32.9)

66 (51.2)

48 (36.9)

0.001**

0.43

Colorectal cancer family history in first degree relatives (yes)

18 (7.5)

10 (7.8)

17 (13.1)

0.15

0.08

Common ways of cooking food

 Fried

55 (22.9)

40 (31)

18 (13.8)

0.001**

0.06

 Boiled

81 (33.8)

41 (31.8)

34 (26.2)

0.75

0.82

 Grilled

5 (2.1)

0 (0)

4 (3.1)

0.02**

0.52

 Steam cook

3 (1.3)

2 (1.6)

0 (0)

0.32

0.006**

 Combined

96 (40)

46 (35.7)

74 (56.9)

0.001**

0.06

Level of salt intake

 Low

127 (52.9)

44 (34.1)

44 (34.1)

0.002**

0.002**

 Normal

79 (32.9)

64 (49.6)

64 (49.6)

0.08

0.08

 High

34 (14.2)

21 (16.3)

21 (16.3)

0.07

0.07

Physical activity (MET/h/day)

39.02 (36.51–41.33)

39.30 (37.17–40.90)

37.75 (34.67–40.40)

0.85

0.003*

Monthly intake of 50,000 IU Vitamin D supplement (yes)

56 (23.3)

28 (21.7)

40 (30.8)

0.72

0.11

Daily intake of 500 mg Calcium supplement (yes)

35 (14.6)

28 (21.7)

32 (24.6)

0.08

0.01**

Multivitamin use every day (yes)

18 (7.5)

16 (12.4)

9 (7)

0.12

0.84

Energy intake (kJ/day)

9549.06 (8122.15–11,140.99)

9154.93 (7714.92–11,087.06)

9221.62 (7648.02–11,608.63)

0.35

0.35

  1. ‡Matched variables of the study, £p-value between cancers and controls, †p-value between adenomas and controls
  2. Values are presented as median (Q1-Q3) for quantitative variables or n (%) for qualitative variables
  3. * Significant difference (Mann-Whitney U, p-value < 0.05) ** Significant difference (Chi-Square, p-value < 0.05)
  4. ¥ Comorbidities are defined as diabetes, hypertension and coronary heart disease
  5. MET Metabolic equivalent