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Table 3 Gender-specific hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval for liver cancer risk by metabolic syndrome components

From: Metabolic syndrome and its component traits present gender-specific association with liver cancer risk: a prospective cohort study

 

Males

Females

 

No. of cases/ Person-years

HR (95% CI)

No. of cases/ Person-years

HR (95% CI)

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 1a

Model 2b

Central obesity

 No

40/585,033

Ref

Ref

36/658,830

Ref

Ref

 Yes

135/844,742

1.87 (1.30–2.67)***

1.62 (1.16–2.27)**

65/1,027,793

0.85 (0.56–1.30)

1.05 (0.66–1.68)

Hypertension

 No

11/275,537

Ref

Ref

36/571,100

Ref

Ref

 Yes

164/1,151,248

1.31 (0.86–1.98)

1.16 (0.75–1.79)

64/1,111,874

0.63 (0.41–0.95)*

0.71 (0.45–1.13)

Elevated triglycerides

 No

45/513,914

Ref

Ref

55/969,624

Ref

Ref

 Yes

121/824,315

1.20 (0.85–1.70)

0.87 (0.60–1.27)

41/614,577

0.76 (0.49–1.16)

0.70 (0.43–1.14)

Low HDL cholesterol

 No

110/978,365

Ref

Ref

64/1,117,811

Ref

Ref

 Yes

47/258,324

1.25 (0.87–1.79)

1.02 (0.70–1.48)

24/310,035

1.19 (0.73–1.95)

1.22 (0.72–2.05)

Hyperglycemia

 No

104/1,189,508

Ref

Ref

79/1,467,713

Ref

Ref

 Pre-diabetes

30/145,967

1.82 (1.21–2.74)**

1.70 (1.22–2.59)*

12/148,871

1.25 (0.68–2.30)

1.28 (0.69–2.39)

 Diabetes

41/94,316

2.91 (2.00–4.23)***

2.88 (1.91–4.34)***

10/70,033

1.93 (1.01–3.79)*

2.43 (1.20–4.91)*

  1. Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, HDL high density lipoproteins, HR hazard ratio, MetS metabolic syndrome
  2. * 0.01 ≤ P-value < 0.05, ** 0.001 ≤ P-value < 0.01, ***P-value < 0.001
  3. aModel 1: Multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age in years, ethnic, education, index of multiple deprivation (a measure of socio-economic status), alcohol consumption, smoking status, physical activity, portions of fruit and vegetable intake, comorbidities, family history of cancer, menopause status (for the female only) and hormone replacement therapy (for the female only)
  4. bModel 2: additionally adjusted for levels of individual component of MetS