Fig. 6

Feature selection was performed using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model. a Tuning parameter (λ) selection in the LASSO model used fivefold cross-validation via minimum criteria. Vertical lines were drawn at the optimal values using the minimum criteria and 1 standard error of the minimum criteria. The optimal λ value of 0.0922 with log (λ) = − 2.3838 was chosen. b LASSO coefficient profiles of the 21 selected features. A coefficient profile plot was generated versus the selected log (λ) value using fivefold cross-validation; five selected features with nonzero coefficients were retained