Table 1 Baseline characteristics in the training and test cohorts
Variable | Training cohort (n = 331,694) | Test cohort (n = 85,652) | p-value | Total (n = 417,346) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
 Age (years) | 54.3 (9.28) | 57.7 (9.6) | < 0.001 | 55.0 (9.45) | |
 Sex | Female | 42.2% (140,035/331694) | 55.5% (47,546/85652) | < 0.001 | 44.9% (187,581/417346) |
Male | 57.8% (191,659/331694) | 44.5% (38,106/85652) | Â | 55.1% (229,765/417346) | |
 Income level | < 30% | 28.5% (94,614/331694) | 30% (25,732/85652) | < 0.001 | 28.8% (120,346/417346) |
30–80% | 34.9% (115,713/331694) | 40.5% (34,656/85652) |  | 36% (150,369/417346) | |
> 80% | 36.6% (121,367/331694) | 29.5% (25,264/85652) |  | 35.1% (146,631/417346) | |
Physical examination | |||||
 Body habitus | Normal (BMI < 25 kg/m2) | 66.2% (219,447/331529) | 64.2% (54,942/85617) |  | 65.8% (274,419/417217) |
Overweight (25–30 kg/m2) | 31.3% (103,922/331529) | 32.6% (27,933/85617) |  | 31.6% (131,855/417217) | |
Obese (>  30 kg/m2) | 2.5% (8130/331529) | 3.2% (2742/85617) |  | 2.6% (10,943/417217) | |
 Systolic BP (mmHg) | 126.59 (17.19) | 126.54 (17.17) | 0.33 | 126.58 (17.18) | |
 Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79.18 (11.15) | 78.37 (10.82) | < 0.001 | 79.02 (11.09) | |
Blood test | |||||
 AST (IU/L) | 26.55 (15.92) | 26.47 (17.37) | 0.25 | 26.53 (16.23) | |
 ALT (IU/L) | 25.52 (19.45) | 24.9 (20.63) | < 0.001 | 25.39 (19.7) | |
 GGT (IU/L) | 37.7 (51.85) | 36.58 (53.85) | < 0.001 | 37.47 (52.27) | |
 Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 198.32 (36.84) | 199.45 (37.84) | < 0.001 | 198.55 (37.05) | |
 Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 97.87 (28.9) | 99.53 (28.12) | < 0.001 | 98.21 (28.75) | |
 Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.94 (1.49) | 13.65 (1.51) | < 0.001 | 13.89 (1.5) | |
Habit | |||||
 Smoking (pack-year) | 5.96 (11.53) | 4.6 (11.11) | < 0.001 | 5.68 (11.46) | |
 Alcohol consumption (mL/week) | 8.7 (18.7) | 7.7 (19.1) | < 0.001 | 8.5 (18.8) | |
Exercise | Rarely | 50.1% (162,668/324506) | 56.4% (46,716/82888) | < 0.001 | 51.4% (209,384/407394) |
1–2 per week | 26.9% (87,443/324506) | 22.2% (18,437/82888) |  | 26% (105,880/407394) | |
3–4 per week | 12.1% (39,341/324506) | 10.4% (8647/82888) |  | 11.8% (47,988/407394) | |
5–6 per week | 3.2% (10,384/324506) | 3.1% (2587/82888) |  | 3.2% (12,971/407394) | |
Almost everyday | 7.6% (24,670/324506) | 7.8% (6501/82888) | Â | 7.7% (31,171/407394) | |
Family history | |||||
 Liver disease | 2.81% (8563/305086) | 2.64% (2040/77356) | 0.01 | 2.77% (10,603/382442) | |
 Hypertension | 9.16% (28,072/306539) | 9.69% (7548/77870) | < 0.001 | 9.27% (35,620/384409) | |
 Stroke | 5.47% (16,738/305817) | 5.55% (4310/77600) | 0.38 | 5.49% (21,048/383417) | |
 Heart disease | 2.39% (7278/305106) | 2.57% (1992/77365) | < 0.001 | 2.42% (9270/382471) | |
 Diabetes mellitus | 6.45% (19,729/306048) | 6.8% (5280/77653) | < 0.001 | 6.52% (25,009/383701) | |
 Cancer | 13.14% (40,389/307443) | 13.45% (10,498/78065) | 0.02 | 13.2% (50,887/385508) | |
Underlying medical conditiona | |||||
 Diabetes mellitus | 6.07% (20,139/331694) | 8.83% (7565/85652) | < 0.001 | 6.64% (27,704/417346) | |
 Dyslipidemia | 5.95% (19,725/331694) | 10.45% (8950/85652) | < 0.001 | 6.87% (28,675/417346) | |
 Chronic hepatitis virus infection | 2.57% (8530/331694) | 3.71% (3176/85652) | < 0.001 | 2.8% (11,706/417346) | |
 Human Immunodeficiency virus | 6.73% (22,314/331694) | 10.6% (9079/85652) | < 0.001 | 7.52% (31,393/417346) | |
 Schizophrenic or delusional disorders, or mental disorders due to psychoactive substance use | 15.59% (51,714/331694) | 25.57% (21,905/85652) | < 0.001 | 17.64% (73,619/417346) | |
 Chronic liver disease | 5.4% (17,927/331694) | 8.21% (7033/85652) | < 0.001 | 5.98% (24,960/417346) | |
 Alcoholic fatty liver disease | 1.95% (6480/331694) | 2.75% (2353/85652) | < 0.001 | 2.12% (8833/417346) | |
 Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases | 3.01% (9996/331694) | 5.07% (4345/85652) | < 0.001 | 3.44% (14,341/417346) | |