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Table 2 Association between endogenous and exogenous sex steroid hormones and the risk of female lung cancer

From: Associations between female lung cancer risk and sex steroid hormones: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence on endogenous and exogenous sex steroid hormones

Variables

No. of studies

x2 for heterogeneity

Model selected

OR a (95% CI b)

P for heterogeneity

Egger’s test (P-value)

Total

48

1249.27

Random

0.90 (0.86, 0.95)

< .001

–

Indicators related to higher levels of endogenous sex steroid hormone exposure

26

679.81

Random

0.92 (0.87, 0.98)

< .001

–

 Younger age at menarche

18

26.51

Fixed

0.93 (0.88, 0.98)

.070

.5729

 Older age at menopause

15

81.94

Random

0.79 (0.68, 0.93)

< .001

.3113

 Longer reproductive windows

6

13.34

Random

0.90 (0.74, 1.10)

.020

.0566

 Longer menstrual cycle

9

20.89

Random

0.75 (0.60, 0.94)

.007

.7938

 History of pregnancy

15

37.47

Random

0.96 (0.84, 1.10)

< .001

.3856

 Younger age at first pregnancy

15

69.48

Random

1.21 (1.05, 1.39)

< .001

.4527

 Multiple pregnancies

20

92.20

Random

1.06 (0.94, 1.19)

< .001

.6782

Indicators related to higher levels of exogenous sex steroid hormone exposure

36

419.73

Random

0.86 (0.80, 0.93)

< .001

–

 History of use of OC c

22

72.67

Random

0.88 (0.81, 0.96)

< .001

.1380

 History of use of HRT d

25

327.30

Random

0.89 (0.78, 1.01)

< .001

.1725

 Higher isoflavone intake from food

6

14.37

Random

0.73 (0.59, 0.89)

.010

.9897

  1. a OR Odds ratio; b CI Confidence interval, c OC Oral contraception, d HRT Hormone replacement therapy