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Table 2 Summary of recommendations to managing immune-related adverse events. IrAEs: immune-related adverse events; IMP: investigational medicinal product

From: PRIME-HCC: phase Ib study of neoadjuvant ipilimumab and nivolumab prior to liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma

irAE

Supportive Care Intervention

Grade 1

Provide symptomatic treatment

Grade 2

Consider systemic corticosteroids in addition to appropriate symptomatic treatment.

Steroid taper should be considered once symptoms improve to Grade 1 or less and tapered over at least 4 weeks.

Grade 3 and Grade 4

Systemic corticosteroids are indicated in addition to appropriate symptomatic treatment. May utilize 1 to 2 mg/kg prednisone or equivalent per day.

Steroid taper should be considered once symptoms improve to Grade 1 or less and tapered over at least 4 weeks.

Consider referral to organ-specific specialist (i.e. gastroenterologist, hepatologist, respiratory physician, endocrinologist) for any grade 3–4 irAEs, in order to evaluate substitution treatments and immune-modulating agents, such as anti-TNFα of other immune suppressants.