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Table 3 Predictors for overall survival after primary curative treatment by using Cox regression model

From: Factors predicting long-term outcomes of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma after primary curative treatment: the role of surgical or nonsurgical methods

Variables

Univariate model

aMultivariate model

HR (95% CI)

Model I

Time-invariant without recurrence

aHR (95% CI)

Model II

Time-invariant with recurrence

aHR (95% CI)

Model III

Time-varying with recurrence

aHR (95% CI)

Time-dependent variables

 Recurrence type

  No

1.00

  

1.00

  Early recurrence (< 1 year)

9.44 (4.98–17.9)

  

6.62 (3.79–11.6)

  Late recurrence (> 1 year)

6.46 (3.17–13.2)

  

3.75 (1.99–7.08)

Time-independent variables

 Recurrence type

  No

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Early (< 1 year)

4.51 (2.42–8.39)

 

3.09 (2.03–4.71)

 

  Late (> 1 year)

1.73 (0.91–3.28)

   

 Host-related factors

  Age > 65 years

1.64 (1.09–2.48)

 

1.43 (0.92–2.21)

1.55 (1.01–2.36)

  Male

1.23 (0.81–1.86)

   

  AST > 80 IU/L

1.30 (0.80–2.11)

   

  ALT > 80 IU/L

0.99 (0.60–1.63)

   

  Total bilirubin > 1.5 mg/dL

1.93 (1.00–3.72)

   

  Prothrombin time (INR) > 1.3

1.86 (0.86–4.04)

   

  Albumin <3.0 mg/dL

2.38 (1.20–4.75)

   

  Child-Pugh score B (vs A)

1.63 (0.75–3.53)

   

  CSPH

2.31 (1.50–3.56)

1.53 (0.93–2.52)

1.71 (1.04–2.82)

1.97 (1.26–3.08)

  Creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL

2.04 (0.98–4.22)

1.93 (0.92–4.02)

1.89 (0.90–3.97)

 

  Diabetes

1.23 (0.79–1.90)

   

  ALBI grade 2 or 3 (vs 1)

1.91 (1.02–3.59)

   

  FIB-4 index > 3.25

2.50 (1.63–3.84)

2.02 (1.23–3.31)

1.83 (1.12–3.01)

 

 Tumor characteristics

  Size > 3 cm

1.02 (0.67–1.54)

   

  Multinodularity

1.18 (0.75–1.84)

   

  AFP > 20 ng/mL

1.20 (0.79–1.81)

   

  BCLC stage A (vs 0)

1.94 (1.03–3.65)

1.88 (1.00–3.55)

  

 Histopathological findings

  Edmonson grade III & IV

1.35 (0.76–2.40)

   

  Ishak fibrosis score 4–6

1.24 (0.79–1.96)

   

 Viral factors

  HBV

5.23 (2.86–9.57)

   

  HCV

5.36 (2.96–9.70)

   

  HBV and HCV

10.3 (3.77–28.1)

   

 Treatment modality

    

  RFA-TACE (vs. Surgery)

1.25 (0.82–1.91)

   

Model selection

 -2 log likelihood ratio

 

871.9

847.7

834.5

 AIC

 

879.9

857.7

842.5

  1. aHR adjusted hazard ratio, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, INR international normalized ratio, CSPH clinically significant portal hypertension, ALBI albumin-bilirubin, AFP alpha-fetoprotein, HBV hepatitis B virus, HCV hepatitis C virus, BCLC Barcelona-Clınic Liver Cancer staging system, RFA radiofrequency ablation, AIC Akaike information criterion
  2. aMultivariate analyses were performed by the Cox proportional model with forward selection, with P < 0.15 indicating inclusion and removal for variable selection. Model I: variables without recurrence. Model II: recurrence as time-invariant variables. Model III: recurrence as time-varying variables